Current State of Enteric Fever | CMAC

Current State of Enteric Fever

Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2005; 7(1):47-67

​ Lobzin Yu.V., Volzhanin V.M., Kovalenko A.N.
enteric fever Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi antimicrobial resistance antimicrobial therapy prophylaxis
Section
Diseases and Pathogens
Type
Journal article
Publication
Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2005; 7(1):47-67

Abstract

In developed countries as well as in Russia enteric fever occurs rarely, whereas several areas in the world are still endemic. At present, prevalence of resistance to most of conventional antimicrobials in Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi is increasing worldwide, including the resistance to quinolones, with a number of documented cases of clinical failure of newer antimicrobial agents. The article reviews the information on etiology, epidemiology, and pathogenesis of enteric fever. Temporal changes in antimicrobial resistance of S. Typhi and associated problems are given in detail. Clinical features of enteric fever and its complications, as well as approaches to laboratory diagnosis are described. The focus on the choice of antimicrobial agents for the treatment of enteric fever, taking into consideration changes in resistance patterns of the pathogen and up-to-date data on efficacy and safety of antibiotics, especially in children and pregnant women, is made. Treatment of severe typhoid and its complications is also presented. Data on currently available typhoid vaccines and future of specific prophylaxis are considered.

  • 1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Four pedi- atric deaths from community-acquired methicillin-resis- tant Staphylococcus aureus - Minnesota and North Dakota, 1997 1999. JAMA 1999; 282:1123-5.
  • 2. Chambers H. The Changing Epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus? Emerg Inf Dis 2001; 7:178-82.
  • 3. Barber M. Methicillin-resistant staphylococci. J Clin Pathol 1961; 14:385-93.
  • 4. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: reduced susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus to vancomycin. Japan, 1997. MMWR 1997; 46:624-6.
  • 5. Дехнич А.В., Эйдельштейн И.А., Нарезкина А.Д., Афиногенов Г.Е., Ахметова Л.И., Боронина Л.Г. и др. Эпидемиология антибиотикорезистентности нозоко- миальных штаммов Staphylococcus aureus в России: результаты многоцентрового исследования. Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobial Chemotherapy.2002; 4:325-36.
  • 6. Moreillon P., Que Y.-A., Glauser M.P. Staphylococcus aureus. In: Mandell G.L., Bennett J.E., Raphael D., edi- tors. Principles and practice of infectious diseases. 6th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Churchill Livingston; 2005. p. 2321-52.
  • 7. Sanford M.D., Widmer A.F., Bale M.J., Jones R.N., Wenzel R.P. Efficient detection and long-term persis- tance of the carriage of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Clin Infect Dis 1994; 19:1123-8.
  • 8. Turnidge J.D., Bell J.M. Prevalence of non-multiresistant oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the SENTRY Asia Pacific region, 1998-2003. Proceedings of the 44th ICAAC; 2004. Washington: ASM Press; 2004. Abstract C2-2005.
  • 9. Salgado C.D., Farr B.M., Calfee D.P. Community- acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: A meta-analysis of prevalence and risk factors. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 36:131-9.
  • 10. Moellering R.C. Community-acquired methicillin-resis- tant Staphylococcus aureus: no longer confined to the inpatient arena. Infect Dis Special Edition 2003; 6:63-7.
  • 11. Cookson B.D. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the community: new battlefronts, or are the bat-tles lost? Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2000; 21:398- 403.
  • 12. Herold B.C., Immergluck L.C., Maranan M.C., Lauderdale D.S., Gaskin R.E., Boyle-Vavra S., et al. Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in children with no identified predisposing risk. JAMA 1998; 279:593-8.
  • 13. Charlebois E.D., Perdreau-Remington F., Kreiswirth B., Bangsberg D.R., Ciccarone D., Diep B.A., et al. Origins of community strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 39:47-54.
  • 14. Adcock P.M., Pastor P., Medley F., Patterson J.E., Murphy T.V. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in two child care centers. J Infect Dis 1998; 178:577-80.
  • 15. Hussain F.M., Boile-Vavra S., Daum R.S. Community- acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus col- onization in healthy children attending an outpatient pediatric clinic. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2001; 20:763-7.
  • 16. Lindenmayer J.M., Schoenfeld S., O’Grady R., Carney J.K. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a high school wrestling team and the surrounding community. Arch Intern Med 1998; 158:895-9.
  • 17. Fey P.D., Said-Salim B., Rupp M. E., Hinrichs S.H., Boxrud D.J., Davis C.C., et al. Comparative molecular analysis of community- or hospital-acquired methicillin- resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003; 47: 96-203.
  • 18. Daum R.S., Ito T., Hiramatsu K., Hussain F., Mon- gkolrattanothai K., Jamklang M., et al. A novel methi- cillin-resistance cassette in community-acquired methi- cillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates of diverse genetic backgrounds. J Infect Dis 2002; 186:1344-7.
  • 19. Okuma K., Iwakawa K., Turnidge J.D., Grubb W.B., Bell J.M., O’Brien F.G., et al. Dissemination of new methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clones in the community. J Clin Microbiol 2002; 40:4289-94.
  • 20. Boutiba-Ben Boubaker I., Ben Abbes R., Ben Abdallah H., Mamlouk K., Mahjoubi F., Kammoun A., et al. Evaluation of a cefoxitin disk diffusion test for the routine detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Clin Microbiol Infect 2004; 10:762-5.
  • 21. Wu S., Piscitelli C., deLancastre H., Tomasz A. Tracking the evolutionary origin of the methicillin resistance gene: cloning and sequencing of a homologue of mecA from a methicillin susceptible strain of Staphylococcus sciuri. Microb Drug Resist 1996;2:435–41.
  • 22. Chambers H. F. Tracking the spread of CMRSA. APUA Newsletter 2003; 21(2):1-5.
  • 23. Palavecino E. Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections. Clin Lab Med 2004; 24:403-18.
  • 24. Kreiswirth B., Kornblum J., Arbeit R.D., Eisner W., Mas- low J.N., McGeer A., et al. Evidence for a clonal origin of methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. Science 1993; 259:227-30.
  • 25. Hiramatsu K. Molecular evolution of MRSA. Microbiol Immunol 1995; 39:531-43.
  • 26. Enright M.C., Robinson D.A., Randle G., Feil E.J., Grundmann H., Spratt B.G. The evolutionary history of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Proc Natl Acad Sci U.S.A. 2002; 99:7687-92.
  • 27. Hiramatsu K., Longzhu C., Kuroda M., Ito T. The emer- gence and evolution of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Trends Microbiol 2001; 9:486-93.
  • 28. Katayama Y., Ito T., Hiramatsu K. A new class of genetic element, staphylococcus cassette chromosome mec, encodes methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000; 44:1549-55.
  • 29. Lina G., Pijmont Y., Godail-Gamot F., Bes M., Peter M., Gauduchon V., et al. Involvement of Panton-Valentine leukocidin – producing Staphylococcus aureus in primary skin infections and pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis 1999; 29:1128-32.
  • 30. Prevost G., Couppie P., Prevost P., Gayet S., Petiau P., Cribier B., et al. Epidemiological data on Staphylococcus aureus strains producing synergohymenotropic toxins. J Med Microbiol 1995; 42:237-45.
  • 31. Groom A.V., Wolsey D.H., Naimi T.S., Smith K., John- son S., Boxrud D. Community-acquired methicillin- resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a rural American Indian community. JAMA 2001; 286:1201-5.
  • 32. Naimi T.S., LeDell K.H., Boxrud D.J., Groom A.V., Steward C.D., Johnson S.K., et al. Epidemiology and clonality of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Minnesota, 1996-1998. Clin Infect Dis 2001; 33:990-6.
  • 33. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing; Fourteenth Informational Supplement. NCCLS document M100-S14. 2004; 24(1):109.
  • 34. Mulder J.G. Comparison of disk diffusion, the E test, and detection of mecA for determination of methicillin resis- tance in coagulase-negative staphylococci. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1996; 15:567-73.
  • 35. Определение чувствительности микроорганизмов к антибактериальнм препаратам. Методические указа- ния МУК 4.2.1890-04. Минздрав России.
  • 36. Vannuffel P., Laterre P.F., Bouyer M., Gigi J., Vandercam B., Reynaert M., et al. Rapid and specific molecular identification of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in endotracheal aspirates from mechanically ventilated patients. J Clin Microbiol 1998; 36:2366-8.
  • 37. Fang H., Hedin G. Rapid screening and identification of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from clinical samples by selective-broth and real-time PCR assay. J Clin Microbiol 2003; 41:2894-9.
  • 38. Grisold A.J., Leitner E., Muhlbauer G., Marth E., Kes- sler H.H. Detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and simultaneous confirmation by auto- mated nucleic acid extraction and real-time PCR. J Clin Microbiol 2002; 40: 2392-7.
  • 39. Soll D.R., Lockhart S.R., Pujol C. Laboratory procedures for the epidemiologic analysis of microorganisms. In: Murray P.M., Baron E.J., Pfaller M.A., Tenover F.C., Yolken R.H., eds. Manual of clinical microbiology. 8th ed. Washington, DC: ASM Press, 2003.
  • 40. Weller T.M.A. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus typing methods: which should be the internation- al standard? J Hosp Infect 2000; 44:160-72.
  • 41. Шагинян И.А. Идентификация и типирование пато- генных бактерий: современные подходы. Вестн РАМН 2000; 1:22-8.
  • 42. Bannerman T.L., Hancock G.A., Tenover F.C., Mil- ler J.M. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis as a replacement for bacteriophage typing of Staphylococcus aureus. J Clin Microbiol 1995; 33:551-5.
  • 43. Saulnier P., Bourneix C., Prevost G., Andremont A. Random amplified polymorphic DNA assay is less dis- criminatory than pulsed-field gel electrophoresis for typ- ing strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Clin Microbiol 1993; 31:982-5.
  • 44. Trindade P.A., McCulloch J.A., Oliveira G.A., Mamizuka E.M. Molecular Techniques for MRSA Typing: Current Issues and Perspectives. Braz J Infect Dis 2003; 7:32-43.
  • 45. Kallen A.J., Driscoll T.J., Thornton S., Olson P.E., Wallace M.R. Increase in community-acquired methi- cillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus at a naval medical center. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2000; 21:223-6.
  • 46. Groom A.V., Wolsey D.H., Naimi T.S., Smith K., John- son S., Boxrud D., et al. Community-acquired methi- cillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a rural American Indian community. JAMA 2001; 286:1201 5.
  • 47. Siberry G.K., Tekle T., Carroll K., Dick J. Failure of Clindamycin treatment of methicillin-resistatnt Staphylococcus aureus expressing inducible clindamycin resis- tance in vitro. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 37:1257-60.
  • 48. Baum S.E., Morris J.T., Dooley D.P., Watson R. Methi- cillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in an adult military beneficiary population lacking risk factors: susceptibility to orally available agents. Mil Med 2003; 168:126-30.
  • 49. Kang S.L., Rybak M.J., McGrath B.J., Kaatz G.W., Seo S.M. Pharmacokinetics of levofloxacin, ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin alone and in combination with rifampicin against methicillin-susceptible and – resistant Staphylococcus aureus in an in vitro infection model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1994; 38:2702-9.
  • 50. Memikoglu O., Bayar B., Kurt O., Cokca F. In vitro sus- ceptibility of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus to fusidic acid and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Mikrobiyol Bul 2002; 36:141-5.
  • 51. Doern G.V., Jones R.N., Pfaller M., Kugler K., Beach M.L. and The SENTRY study group. Bacterial pathogens isolated from patients with skin and soft tissue infections: Frequency of occurrence and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns from SENTRY antimicrobial sur- veillance program (USA and Canada, 1997). Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 1999;34:65-72.
  • 52. Turnidge J., Collignon P. Resistance to fusidic acid. Int J Antimicrob Agents 1999; 12 (Suppl 2):35-44.
  • 53. Jones M.E., Visser M.R., Klootwijk M., Heisig P., Verhoef J., Schmitz F.J. Comparative activities of cli- nafloxacin, grepafloxacin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, ofloxacin, sparfloxacin, and trovafloxacin and non- quinolones linozelid, quinupristin-dalfopristin, gentam- icin, and vancomycin against clinical isolates of ciprofloxacin-resistant and -susceptible Staphylococcus aureus strains. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999; 43:421-3.
  • 54. Schmitz F.-J., Fluit A.C., Hafner D., Beeck A., Perdi- kouli M., Boos M. Development of resistance to ciprofloxacin, rifampin and mupirocin in methicillin-sus- ceptible and –resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates. Antimicrob Agent Chemother 2000; 44:3229-31.
  • 55. Levine D.P., Fromm B.S., Reddy B.R. Slow response to vancomycin or vancomycin plus rifampin in methicillin- resistant Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis. Ann Intern Med 1991; 115:674-80.
  • 56. Reduced susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus to van- comycin – Japan, 1996. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1997; 46:624-6.
  • 57. Presterl E., Mueller-Uri P., Grisold A., Georgopoulus A., Graninger W. Ciprofloxacin- and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus susceptible to moxifloxacin, lev- ofloxacin, teicoplanin, vancomycin and linezolid. Eur Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2001; 20:486-9.
  • 58. Henwood C.J., Livermore D.M., Johnson A.P., James D., Warner M., Gardiner A. Susceptibility of gram-positive cocci from 25 UK hospitals to antimicrobial agents including linezolid. The Linezolid Study Group. J Antimicrob Chemother 2000; 46:931-40.
  • 59. Сookson B.D. The emergence of mupirocin resistance: a challenge to infection control and antibiotic prescribing practice. J Antimicrob Chemother 1998; 41:11-8.
  • 60. El Mofty M., Harvey S.G., Gibson J.R., Calthrop J.G., Marks P. Trimethoprim-polymyxin B sulphate cream compared with fusidic acid cream in the treatment of superficial bacterial infection of the skin. J Int Med Res 1990; 18:89-93.
  • 61. Fritsche T.R., Kirby J., Jones R.N. Activity of tigecycline tested against 3,498 Staphylococcus aureus: an assessment versus community-acquired ORSA. Proceedings of the 44th ICAAC. USA, Washington, DC. 2004. Abstract C2- 2000.
  • 62. Anstead G.M., Owens A.D. Recent advances in the treat- ment of infections due to resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2004; 17:549-55.
  • 63. King A., Phillips I., Kaniga K. Comparative in vitro activity of telavancin (TD-6424), a rapidly bactericidal, concentration-dependent anti-infective with multiple mechanisms of action against Gram-positive bacteria. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2004; 53:797-803.
  • 64. Petersen P.J., Wang T.Z., Dushin R.G., Bradford P.A. Comparative in vitro activities of AC98-6446, a novel semisynthetic glycopeptide derivative of the natural product mannopeptimycin alpha, and other antimicrobial agents against gram-positive clinical isolates. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004; 48:739-46.
  • 65. Deshpande L.M., Jones R.N. Bactericidal activity and synergy studies of BAL9141, a novel pyrrolidinone-3-yli- dene cephem, tested against streptococci, enterococci and methicillin-resistant staphylococci. Clin Microbiol Infect 2003; 9:1120-4.
  • 66. Keam S.J., Perry C.M. Prulifloxacin. Drugs 2004; 64:2221-34.
  • 67. Almer L.S., Hoffrage J.B., Keller E.L., Flamm R.K.,Shortridge V.D. In vitro and bactericidal activities of ABT-492, a novel fluoroquinolone, against Gram-posi- tive and Gram-negative organisms. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004; 48:2771-7.
  • 68. Otani T., Tanaka M., Ito E., Kurosaka Y., Murakami Y., Onodera K., Akasaka T., Sato K. In vitro and in vivo antibacterial activities of DK-507k, a novel fluoro- quinolone. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003; 47:3750-9.
  • 69. Tanaka M., Yamazaki E., Chiba M., Yoshihara K., Akasaka T., Takemura M., Sato K. In vitro antibacterial activities of DQ-113, a potent quinolone, against clinical isolates. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002; 46:904-8.
  • 70. Jacobs M.R., Bajaksouzian S., Windau A., Appelba- um P.C., Patel M.V., Gupte S.V., et al. In vitro activity of the new quinolone WCK 771 against staphylococci. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004; 48:3338-42.
  • 71. Howe R.A., Wootton M., Noel A.R., Bowker K.E., Walsh T.R., MacGowan A.P. Activity of AZD2563, a novel oxazolidinone, against Staphylococcus aureus strains with reduced susceptibility to vancomycin or linezolid. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003; 47:3651-2.
  • 72. Ednie L.M., Rattan A., Jacobs M.R., Appelbaum P.C. Antianaerobe activity of RBX 7644 (ranbezolid), a new oxazolidinone, compared with those of eight other agents. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003; 47:1143-7.
  • 73. Yong D., Yum J.H., Lee K., Chong Y., Choi S.H., Rhee J.K. In vitro activities of DA-7867, a novel oxazo- lidinone, against recent clinical isolates of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004; 48:352-7.
  • 74. Lofland D., Difuntorum S., Waller A., Clements J.M., Weaver M.K., Karlowsky J.A., Johnson K. In vitro anti- bacterial activity of the peptide deformylase inhibitor BB-83698. J Antimicrob Chemother 2004; 53:664-8.
  • 75. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Community-associated MRSA: Frequently asked ques- tions. CDC Web site. Available from: www.cdgov/nci-dod/hip/ARESIST/mrsa_comm_faq.htm
Views
0 Abstract
0 PDF
0 Crossref citations
Shared