Аннотация
Беременность служит фактором риска развития бактериального вагиноза. По данным эпидемиологических исследований, распространённость этого заболевания среди беременных женщин в различных странах мира варьирует от 10 до 40%. В США популяционный риск преждевременных родов в связи с бактериальным вагинозом составляет 30% и оценивается ежегодно в 1 млрд долларов США. В данной статье подробно рассматривается этиология и эпидемиология данного заболевания. Большое внимание уделено обсуждению вопросов терапии бактериального вагиноза с точки зрения доказательной медицины.
-
1.
Koumans E.H., Kendrick J.S. Preventing adverse sequelae of bacterial vaginosis:a public health program and research agenda. Sex Transm Dis 2001; 28:292-7.
-
2.
Malm H., Martikainen J., Klaukka T., Neuvonen J. Prescription drugs during pregnancy and lactation – a Finnish register-based study. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2003; 59:127-33.
-
3.
Egen-Lappe V., Hasford J. Drug prescription in pregnancy:analysis of a large statutory sickness fund population. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2004; 60:659-66.
-
4.
Lacroix I., Damase-Michel C., Lapeyre-Mestre M., Montastruc J.L. Prescription of drugs during pregnancy in France. Lancet 2000; 356:1735-6.
-
5.
Olesen C., Steffensen F.H., Nielson L.G., et al. Drug use in first pregnancy and lactation:a population-based survey among Danish women. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1999; 55:139-44.
-
6.
Kekki M., Kurki T., Pelkonen J., et al. Vaginal clindamycin in preventing preterm birth and peripartal infections in asymptomatic women with bacterial vaginosis:a randomized, controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol 2001; 97:643-8.
-
7.
Vermeulen G.M., van Zwet A.A., Bruinse H.W. Changes in the vaginal flora after two percent clindamycin vaginal cream in women at high risk of spontaneous preterm birth. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 2001; 108:697-700.
-
8.
Peipert J.F., Montagno A.G., Cooper A.S., Sung C.J. Bacterial vaginosis as a risk factor for upper genital tract infection. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1997; 177:1184-7.
-
9.
Goldenberg R.L., Hauth J.C. Andrews W.W. Intrauterine infection and preterm delivery. N Engl J Med 2000; 342:1500-7.
-
10.
Govender L., Hoosen A.A., Moodley J., et al. Bacterial vaginosis and associated infections in pregnancy. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 1996; 55:23-8.
-
11.
Hay P.E., Lamont R.F., Taylor-Robinson D., et al. Abnormal bacterial colonization of the genital tract and subsequent preterm delivery and late miscarriage. Br Med J 1994; 308:295-8.
-
12.
Hillier S.L., Nugent R.P., Eschenbach D.A., et al. Association between bacterial vaginosis and preterm delivery of a lowbirth-weight infant. N Engl J Med 1995; 333:1737-42.
-
13.
Minkoff H., Grunebaum A.N., Schwarz R.H., et al. Risk factors for prematurity and premature rupture of membranes:a prospective study of vaginal flora in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1984; 150:965-72.
-
14.
McGregor J.A., French J.I., Parker R., et al. Prevention of premature birth by screening and treatment of common genital tract infections:results of a prospective controlled evaluation. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995; 173:157-67.
-
15.
Ralph S.G., Rutherford A.J., Wilson J.D. Influence of bacterial vaginosis on conception and miscarriage in the first trimester cohort study. Br Med J 1999; 319:220-3.
-
16.
Hillier S.L., Martius J., Krohn M., et al. A case-control study of chorioamnionic infection and histological chorioamnionitis in prematurity. N Engl J Med 1988; 319:972-8.
-
17.
Gibbs R. Chorioamnionitis and bacterial vaginosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1993; 169:460-3.
-
18.
Hillier S., Kiviat N.B., Hawes S.E., et al. Role of bacterial vaginosis-associated microorganisms in endometritis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1996; 175:435-41.
-
19.
Прилепская В.Н., Байрамова Г.Р. Этиопатогенез, диагностика и современные направления в лечении бактериального вагиноза. РМЖ 2002; 18:795-7.
-
20.
Bhutta Z.A., Darmstadt G.L., Hasan B.S., Haws R.A. Community-based interventions for improving perinatal and neonatal health outcomes in developing countries:A review of the evidence. Pediatrics 2005; 115:519-617.
-
21.
McGregor J.A., French J.I. Bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol Surv 2000; 55(Suppl. 1):1-19.
-
22.
Rauh V.A., Culhane J.F., Hogan V.K. Bacterial vaginosis: a public health problem for women. J Am Med Womens Assoc 2000; 55:220-2.
-
23.
Kurki T., Sivonen A., Renkonen O.V., et al. Bacterial vaginosis in early pregnancy and pregnancy outcome. Obstet Gynecol 1992; 80:173-7.
-
24.
Cristiano L., Rampello S., Noris C., et al. Bacterial vaginosis:prevalence in an Italian population of asymptomatic pregnant women and diagnostic aspects. Eur J Epidemiol 1996; 12:383-90.
-
25.
Kiss H., Petricevic L., Husslein P. Prospective randomized controlled trial of an infection screening programme to reduce the rate of preterm delivery. Br Med J 2004; 329:371-5.
-
26.
Hay P.E., Morgan D.J., Ison C.A., et al. A longitudinal study of bacterial vaginosis during pregnancy. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1994; 101:1048-53.
-
27.
Oakeshott P., Hay P., Hay S., et al. Association between bacterial vaginosis or chlamydial infection and miscarriage before 16 weeks’ gestation:prospective community based cohort study. Br Med J 2002; 325:1334-8.
-
28.
Nelson D.B., Macones G. Bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy:current findings and future directions. Epidemiol Rev 2002; 24:102-8.
-
29.
Schmid G.P. The epidemiology of bacterial vaginosis. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 1999; 67:S17-S20.
-
30.
Goldenberg R.L., Klebanoff M.A., Nugent R., et al. Bacterial colonization of the vagina during pregnancy in four ethnic groups:vaginal infections and prematurity study group. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1996; 174:1618-21.
-
31.
Culhane J.F., Rauth V., McCollum K.F., et al. Maternal stress is associated with bacterial vaginosis in human pregnancy. Matern Child Health 2001; 5:127-34.
-
32.
Culhane J.F., Rauth V., McCollum K.F., et al. Exposure to chronic stress and ethnic differences in rates of bacterial vaginosis among pregnant women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002; 187:1272-6.
-
33.
Harville E.W., Hatch M.C., Zhang J. Perceived life stress and bacterial vaginosis. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2005; 14:627-33.
-
34.
Harville E.W., Savitz D.A., Dole N., et al. Psychological and biological markers of stress and bacterial vaginosis in pregnant women. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 2007; 114:216-23.
-
35.
Ruiz R.J., Fullerton J., Brown C.E., Schoolfield J. Relationships of cortisol, perceived stress, genitourinary infections, and fetal fibronectin to gestational age at birth. Biol Res Nurs 2001; 3:39-48.
-
36.
Hay P.E. Recurrent bacterial vaginosis. Sex Transm Dis 1998; 16:769-73.
-
37.
McDonald H.M., O’Loughlin J.A., Vigneswaran R., et al. Bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy and efficacy of short-course oral metronidazole treatment:a randomized placebo controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol 1994; 84:343-8.
-
38.
Carey J.C., Klebanoff K., Hauth J., et al. Metronidazole to prevent preterm delivery in pregnancy women with asymptomatic bacterial vaginosis. N Engl J Med 2000; 342:534-40.
-
39.
Yudin M.H., Landers D.V., Meyn L., Hillier S.L. Clinical and cervical cytokine response to treatment with oral or vaginal metronidazole for bacterial vaginosis during pregnancy:a randomized trial. Obstet Gynecol 2003; 102:527-34.
-
40.
Hauth J.C., Goldenberg R.L., Andrews W.W., et al. Reduced incidence of preterm delivery with metronidazole and erythromycin in women with bacterial vaginosis. N Engl J Med 1995; 333:1732-6.
-
41.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually transmitted disease treatment guidelines. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1997; 46:72-3.
-
42.
Burtin P., Taddio A., Artburnu O., et al. Safety of metronidazole in pregnancy:a meta-analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995; 172:525-9.
-
43.
Thapa P.B., Whitlock J.A., Brockman W.K.G., et al. Prenatal exposure to metronidazole and risk of childhood cancer:a retrospective cohort study of children younger than 5 years. Cancer 1998; 83:1461-8.
-
44.
Ugwumadu A., Reid F., Hay P., Manyonda I. Natural history of bacterial vaginosis and intermediate flora in pregnancy and effect of oral clindamycin. Obstet Gynecol 2004; 104:114-9.
-
45.
Joesoef M.R., Hillier S.L., Wiknjosastro G., et al. Intravaginal clindamycin treatment for bacterial vaginosis:effects on preterm delivery and low birth weight. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995; 173:1527-31.
-
46.
Shennan A., Crawshaw S., Briley A., et al. A randomized controlled trial of metronidazole for the prevention of preterm birth in women positive for cervicovaginal fetal fibronectin:the PREMET Study. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 2006; 113:65-74.
-
47.
Lettieri L., Vintzileos A.M., Rodis J.F., et al. Does “idiopathic” preterm labor resulting in preterm birth exist? Am J Obstet Gynecol 1993; 168:1480-5.
-
48.
Meis P.J., Goldenberg R.L., Mercer B., et al. The preterm prediction study:significance of vaginal infections. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995; 173:1231-5.
-
49.
Holst E., Goffeng A.R., Andersch B. Bacterial vaginosis and vaginal microorganisms in idiopathic premature labor and association with pregnancy outcome. J Clin Microbiol 1994; 32:176-86.
-
50.
Martius J., Krohn M.A., Hillier S.L., et al. Relationships of vaginal Lactobacillus species, cervical Chlamydia trachomatis, and bacterial vaginosis to preterm birth. Obstet Gynecol 1988; 71:89-95.
-
51.
Goldenberg R.L., Iams J.D., Mercer B.M., et al. The Preterm Prediction Study:the value of new vs standard risk factors in predicting early and all spontaneous preterm births. Am J Public Health 1998; 88:233-8.
-
52.
Purwar M., Ughade S., Bhagat B., et al. Bacterial vaginosis in early pregnancy and adverse pregnancy outcome. J Obstet Gynecol Res 2001; 27:175-81.
-
53.
Gravett M.C., Nelson P., DeRouenn T., et al. Independent associations of bacterial vaginosis and Chlamydia trachomatis infection with adverse pregnancy outcome. JAMA 1986; 256:1899-903.
-
54.
Riduan J.M., Hillier S.L., Utomo B., et al. Bacterial vaginosis and prematurity in Indonesia:association in early and late pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1993; 169: 175-8.
-
55.
Wennerholm U.B., Holm B., Mattsby-Baltzer I., et al. Fetal fibronectin, endotoxin, bacterial vaginosis and cervical length as predictors of preterm birth and neonatal morbidity in twin pregnancies. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1997; 104:1398-404.
-
56.
McGregor J.A., French J.I., Jones W., et al. Bacterial vaginosis is associated with prematurity and vaginal fluid mucinase and sialidase:results of a controlled trial of topical clindamycin cream. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1994; 170:1048-60.
-
57.
Mullick S., Watson-Jones D., Beksinska M., et al. Sexually transmitted infections in pregnancy:prevalence, impact on pregnancy outcomes, and approach to treatment in developing countries. Sex Transm Infect 2005; 81:294-302.
-
58.
Donders G.G., Van Bulck B., Caudron J., et al. Relationship of bacterial vaginosis and mycoplasmas to the risk of spontaneous abortion. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000; 183:431-7.
-
59.
Liversedge N., Turner A. Horner P.J., et al. The influence of bacterial vaginosis on in vitro fertilization and embryo implantation during assisted reproduction treatment. Hum Reprod 1999; 14:2411-5.
-
60.
Korn A.P., Bolan G., Padian N., et al. Plasma cell endometritis in women with symptomatic bacterial vaginosis. Obstet Gynecol 1995; 85:387-90.
-
61.
French J. I., McGregor J. A., Draper D., et al. Gestational bleeding, bacterial vaginosis, and common reproductive tract infections:risk for preterm birth and benefit of treatment. Obstet Gynecol 1999; 93:715-24.
-
62.
Morales W.J., Schorr S., Albritton J. Effect of metronidazole in patients with preterm birth in preceding pregnancy and bacterial vaginosis:a placebo-controlled, doubleblind study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1994; 171:345-9.
-
63.
Chin B.M., Lamont R.F. The microbiology of preterm labor and delivery. Contemp Rev Obstet Gynaecol 1997; 9:285-96.
-
64.
Gratocos E., Figueras F., Barranco M., et al. Spontaneous recovery of bacterial vaginosis during pregnancy is not associated with an improved perinatal outcome. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1998; 77:37-40.
-
65.
Rosenstein I.J., Morgan D.J., Lamont R.F., et al. Effect of intravaginal clindamycin cream on pregnancy outcome and on abnormal vaginal microbial flora of pregnant women. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 2000; 8:158-65.
-
66.
Nugent R.P., Krohn M.A., Hillier S.L. Reliability of diagnosing bacterial vaginosis is improved by a standardized method of Gram stain interpretation. J Clin Microbiol 1991; 29:297-301.
-
67.
Donders G.G., Bosmans E., Dekeersmaecker A., et al. Pathogenesis of abnormal vaginal bacterial flora. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000; 182:872-8.
-
68.
Rosenstein I.J., Morgan D.J., Sheehan M., et al. Bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy:Distribution of bacterial species in different gram-stain categories of the vaginal flora. J Med Microbiol 1996; 45:120-6.
-
69.
Thorsen P., Jensen I.P., Jeune B., et al. Few microorganisms associated with bacterial vaginosis may constitute the pathologic core:a population-based microbiologic study among 3596 pregnant women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998; 178:580-7.
-
70.
Delaney M.L., Onderdonk A.B. Nugent score related to vaginal culture in pregnant women. Obstet Gynecol 2001; 98:79-84.
-
71.
Cauci S., Scrimin F., Driussi S., et al. Specific immune response against Gardnerella vaginalis hemolysin in patients with bacterial vaginosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1996; 187:877-81.
-
72.
Onderdonk A.B., Lee M.L., Lieberman E., et al. Quantitative microbiologic models for preterm delivery. J Clin Microbiol 2003; 41:1073-9.
-
73.
Usui R., Ohkuchi A., Matsubara S., et al. Vaginal lactobacilli and preterm birth. J Perinat Med 2002; 30:458-66.
-
74.
Wilks M., Wiggins R., Whiley A., et al. Identification and H2O2 production of vaginal lactobacilli from pregnant women at high risk of preterm birth and relation with outcome. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42:713-7.
-
75.
Vallor A.C., May A.M.A., Hawes S.E., Hillier S.L. Factors associated with acquisition of or persistent colonization by, vaginal lactobacilli:role of hydrogen peroxide production. J Infect Dis 2001; 184:1431-6.
-
76.
Welsh A., Nicolaides K. Cervical screening for preterm delivery. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 2002; 14:195-202.
-
77.
Goldenberg R.L., Iams J.D., Mercer B.M., et al. The Preterm Prediction Study:toward a multiple-marker test for spontaneous pre-term birth. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001; 185:643-51.
-
78.
Honest H., Bachmann L.M., Gupta J.K., et al. Accuracy of cervicovaginal fetal fibronectin test in predicting risk of spontaneous preterm birth:systematic review. Br Med J 2002; 325:301-11.
-
79.
Goldenberg R.L., Mercer B.M., Meis P.J., et al. The preterm prediction study:fetal fibronectin testing and spontaneous preterm birth. Obstet Gynecol 1996; 87:643-8.
-
80.
Hellemans P., Gerris J., Verdonk P. Fetal fibronectin detection for prediction of preterm birth in low risk women. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1995; 102:207-12.
-
81.
Lockwood C.J., Senyei A.E., Dische M.R., et al. Fetal fibronectin in cervical and vaginal secretions as a predictor of preterm delivery. N Engl J Med 1991; 325:66-74.
-
82.
Iams J.D., Casal D., McGregor J.A., et al. Fetal fibronectin improves the accuracy of diagnosis of preterm labor. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995; 173:141-5.
-
83.
Peaceman A.M., Andrews W.W., Thorp J.M., et al. Fetal fibronectin as a predictor of preterm birth in patients with symptoms:a multicenter trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1997; 177:13-8.
-
84.
Pastore L.M., Royce R.A., Jackson T.P., et al. Association between bacterial vaginosis and fetal fibronectin at 24-29 weeks’ gestation. Obstet Gynecol 1999; 93:117-23.
-
85.
Goffeng A.R., Holst E., Milsom I. Fetal fibronectin and microorganisms in vaginal fluid of healthy pregnant women. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1996; 75:520-5.
-
86.
Goldenberg R.L., Thom E., Moawad A.H., et al. The preterm prediction study:fetal fibronectin, bacterial vaginosis, and peripartum infection. Obstet Gynecol 1996; 87:656-60.
-
87.
Hitti J., Hillier S.L., Agnew K.J., et al. Vaginal indicators of amniotic fluid infection in preterm labour. Obstet Gynecol 2001; 97:211-9.
-
88.
Mattsby-Baltzer I., Platz-Christensen J.J., Hosseini N., Rosen P. IL-1β, IL-6, TNFα, fetal fibronectin, and endotoxin in the lower genital tract of pregnant women with bacterial vaginosis. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1998; 77:701-6.
-
89.
Dinarello C.A., Wolff S.M. The role of interleukin-1 in disease. N Engl J Med 1993; 328:106-13.
-
90.
Pretorius C., Jagatt A., Lamont R.F. The relationship between periodontal disease, bacterial vaginosis, and preterm birth. J Perinat Med 2007; 35:93-9.
-
91.
Boggess K.A. Pathophysiology of preterm birth:emerging concepts of maternal infection. Clin Perinatol 2005; 32:561-9.
-
92.
Martin J.A., Hamilton B.E., Sutton P.D., et al. Births: final data for 2004. Natl Vital Stat Rep 2006; 55:1-101.
-
93.
McDonald H.M., O’Loughlin J.A., Vigneswaran R., et al. Impact of metronidazole therapy on preterm birth in women with bacterial vaginosis flora (Gardnerella vaginalis):a randomized, placebo controlled trial. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1997; 104:1391-7.
-
94.
Vermeulen G.M., Bruinse H.W. Prophylactic administration of clindamycin 2% vaginal cream to reduce the incidence of spontaneous preterm birth in women with an increased recurrence risk:a randomized placebo-controlled double-blind trial. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1999; 106:652-7.
-
95.
Lamont R.F. Antibiotics for the prevention of preterm birth. N Engl J Med 2000; 342:581-3.
-
96.
Brocklehurst P., Hannah M., McDonald H. Interventions for treating bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000; 2:CD000262.
-
97.
Goldenberg R.L. The management of preterm labor. Obstet Gynecol 2002; 100:1020-37.
-
98.
Okun N., Gronau K.A., Hannah M.E. Antibiotics for bacterial vaginosis or Trichomonas vaginalis in pregnancy:a systematic review. Obstet Gynecol 2005; 105:857-68.
-
99.
Duff P., Lee M., Hillier S., et al. Amoxicillin treatment of bacterial vaginosis during pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 1991; 77:431-5.
-
100.
Odendaal H.J., Popov I., Schoeman J., et al. Preterm labour – is bacterial vaginosis involved? S Afr Med J 2002; 92:231-4.
-
101.
Klebanoff M., Carey J., Hauth J.C., et al. Failure of metronidazole to prevent preterm delivery among pregnant women with asymptomatic Trichomonas vaginalis infection. N Engl J Med 2001; 345:487-93.
-
102.
Andrews W.W., Sibai B.M., Thom, E.A., et al. Randomized clinical trial of metronidazole plus erythromycin to prevent spontaneous preterm delivery in fetal fibronectin-positive women. Obstet Gynecol 2003; 101:847-55.
-
103.
Guise J.M., Mahon S.M., Aickin M., et al. Screening for bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy. Am J Prevent Med 2001; 20(Suppl. 1):62-72.
-
104.
Goepfert A.R., Goldenberg R.L., Andrews W.W., et al. The preterm Prediction Study:association between cervical interleukin 6 concentration and spontaneous preterm birth. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001; 184:483-8.
-
105.
Varma R., Gupta J.K. Antibiotic treatment of bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy:multiple meta-analyses and dilemmas in interpretation. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2006; 124:10-4.
-
106.
Kurkinen-Räty M., Vuopala S., Koskela M., et al. A randomized controlled trial of vaginal clindamycin for early pregnancy bacterial vaginosis. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 2000; 107:1427-32.
-
107.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines 2002. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2002; 51:1-82.
-
108.
Rosenstein I.J., Morgan D.J., Lamont R.F., et al. Effect of intravaginal clindamycin cream on pregnancy outcome and on abnormal vaginal microbial flora of pregnant women. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 2000; 8:158-65.
-
109.
Lamont R.F., Duncan S.L.B., Mandal D., Bassett P. Intravaginal clindamycin to reduce preterm birth in women with abnormal genital tract flora. Obstet Gynecol 2003; 101:516-22.
-
110.
Lamont R.F. Can antibiotics prevent preterm birth – the pro and con debate? Br J Obstet Gynaecol 2005; 112:67-73.
-
111.
Ugwumadu A., Manyonda I., Reid F., Hay P. Effect of early oral clindamycin on late miscarriage and preterm delivery in asymptomatic women with abnormal vaginal flora and bacterial vaginosis:a randomized controlled trial. Lancet 2003; 361:983-8.
-
112.
Larsson P.G., Fahraeus L., Carlsson B., et al. Late miscarriage and preterm birth after treatment with clindamycin:a randomized consent design study according to Zelen. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 2006; 113:629-37.
-
113.
Morgan D.J., Taylor-Robinson D. Late miscarriage and preterm birth after treatment with clindamycin:a randomized consent design study according to Zelen. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 2006; 113:1483.
-
114.
Leitich H., Brunbauer M., Bodner-Adler B., et al. Antibiotic treatment of bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy: a meta-analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003; 188:752-8.
-
115.
Cotch M.F., Hillier S.L., Gibbs R.S., Eschenbach D.A. Epidemiology and outcomes associated with moderate to heavy Candida colonization during pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998; 178:374-80.
-
116.
Martin D., Eschenbach D., Cotch M., et al. Doubleblind placebo-controlled treatment trial of Chlamydia trachomatis endocervical infections in pregnant women. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 1997; 5:10-7.
-
117.
Gibbs R.S., Eschenbach D.A. Use of antibiotics to prevent preterm birth. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1997; 177:375- 80.
-
118.
Norman K., Pattinson R., de Souza J., et al. Ampicillin and metronidazole treatment in preterm labour:a multicentre randomized controlled trial. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1994; 101:404-8.
-
119.
Svare J., Langhoff-Roos J., Anderson L.F., et al. Ampicillin-metronidazole treatment in idiopathic preterm labour:a randomised controlled multicentre trial. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1997; 104:892-7.
-
120.
Eschenbach D.A., Nugent R.P., Rao A.V., et al. A randomized placebo-controlled trial of erythromycin for the treatment of Ureaplasma urealyticum to prevent premature delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1991; 164:734-42.
-
121.
King J., Flenady V. Antibiotics for preterm labour with intact membranes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2001; 2: CD000246.
-
122.
Kenyon S.L., Taylor D.J., Tarnow-Mordi W. Broad spectrum antibiotics for spontaneous preterm labor:The ORACLE II randomized trial. Lancet 2001; 357:989-94.
-
123.
Kenyon S., Boulvain M. Antibiotics for preterm premature rupture of membranes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2001; 2:CD001058.
-
124.
Kenyon S.L., Taylor D.J., Tarnow-Mordi W. Antibiotics did not prevent adverse outcomes after preterm, prelabour of fetal membranes:The ORACLE I randomized trial. Lancet 2001; 357:979-88.
-
125.
Morency A.M., Bujold E. The effect of second-trimester antibiotic therapy on the rate of preterm birth. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2007; 29:35-44.
-
126.
McDonald H., Brocklehurst P., Gordon A. Antibiotics for treating bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy (Archive). Cochrane Database of Syst Rev 2007; 1:CD000262.