Потенциальные возможности применения пробиотиков в клинической практике

Клиническая Микробиология и Антимикробная Химиотерапия. 2006; 8(2):151-172

​ Андреева И.В.
пробиотики пребиотики антибиотик-ассоциированная диарея инфекции ЖКТ воспалительные заболевания кишечника профилактическое применение безопасность
Раздел
Антимикробные препараты
Тип
Журнальная статья
Публикация
Клиническая Микробиология и Антимикробная Химиотерапия. 2006; 8(2):151-172

Аннотация

В настоящее время во всём мире достаточно широко распространено профилактическое и терапевтическое применение пробиотиков, несмотря на тот факт, что их эффективность всё ещё остаётся спорной. В данном обзоре представлены сведения об основных микроорганизмах, обладающих пробиотическими свойствами. Суммированы имеющиеся на сегодняшний день доказательные данные, касающиеся целесообразности использования пробиотиков с профилактической и лечебной целью, отражены современные подходы к применению пробиотиков для лечения и профилактики инфекционных и неинфекционных заболеваний ЖКТ, в частности, антибиотик-ассоциированной диареи, инфекций ЖКТ, воспалительных заболеваний кишечника, для эрадикации H.pylori. Определено место пробиотиков в профилактике инфекционных заболеваний (особенно инфекций дыхательных путей) у детей и взрослых, рассмотрено использование пробиотиков при аллергических заболеваниях, урогенитальных инфекциях у женщин, хирургической патологии, а также другие возможные и перспективные направления применения данной группы лекарственных средств. Отдельное внимание в статье уделено вопросам безопасности пробиотиков.

  • 1. Metchnikoff E. Lactic acid as inhibiting intestinal putrefaction. In: Chalmers Mitchell P, ed. The prolongation of life: optimistic studies. London: Heinemann, 1907; 161-83.
  • 2. Lilly D. M., Stilwell R. H. Probiotics: growth promoting factors produced by microorganisms. Science 1965; 147:747-8.
  • 3. Fuller R. Probiotics in man and animals. J Appl Bacteriol 1989; 66:365-78.
  • 4. Reid G. Regulatory and clinical aspects of dairy probiotics. FAO/WHO Expert Consultation on Evaluation of Health and Nutritional Properties of Powder Milk with Live Lactic Acid Bacteria. Cordoba, Argentina, 2001, 1-34. Available from: http://www.who.int/foodsafety/publications/fs_management/en/probiotics.pdf
  • 5. Hoesl C.E., Altwein J.E. The probiotic approach: an alternative treatment option in urology. Eur Urol 2005; 47:288-96.
  • 6. Gibson G.R., Roberfroid M.B. Dietary modulation of the human colonic micro-biota: introducing the concept of prebiotics. J Nutr 1995; 125:1401-12.
  • 7. Tanaka R., Takayama H., Morotomi М., et al. Effect of administration TOS and Bifidobacterium breve 4006 on the human fecal flora. Bifidobacteria microflora 1983; 2:17-24.
  • 8. Roberfroid M.B. Prebiotics and probiotics: are they functional foods? Am J Clin Nutr 2000; 71(Suppl 6):1682S-87S.
  • 9. Van Loo J., Cummings J., Delzenne N., et al. Functional food properties of non-digestible oligosaccharides: a consensus report from the HVDO project (DGXII AIRII-CT94-1095). Br J Nutr 1999; 81:121-32.
  • 10. Rowland I.R., Tanaka R. The effects of transgalactosylated oligosaccharides on gut flora metabolism in rats associated with a human faecal microflora. J AppI Bacteriol 1993; 74:667-74.
  • 11. Eaton T.J., Gasson M.J. Molecular screening of Enterococcus virulence determinants and potential for genetic exchange between food and medical isolates. Appl Environ Microbiol 2001; 67:1628-35.
  • 12. Holzapfel W.H., Haberer P., Geisen R., et al. Taxonomy and important features of probiotic microorganisms in food and nutrition. Am J Clin Nutr 2001; 73(2 Suppl):365S-73S.
  • 13. Guidelines for the Evaluation of Probiotics in Food. Joint FAO/WHO (Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organisation) Working Group. London, Ontario, Canada: 2002.
  • 14. Adams M.R., Marteau P. On the safety of lactic acid bacteria from food. Int J Food Microbiol 1995; 27:263-4.
  • 15. Naidu A.S., Bidlack W.R., Clemens R.A. Probiotic spectra of lactic acid bacteria (LAB). Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 1999; 39:113-126.
  • 16. Reid G. Safety of Lactobacillus strains as probiotic agents. Clin Infect Dis 2002; 35:349-50.
  • 17. Salminen S., von Wright A., Morelli L., et al. Demonstration of safety of probiotics – a review. Int J Food Microbiol 1998; 44:93-106.
  • 18. Borriello S.P., Hammes W.P., Holzapfel W., et al. Safety of probiotics that contain lactobacilli or bifidobacteria. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 36:775-80.
  • 19. Marteau P., Seksik P., Jian R. Probiotics and health: new facts and ideas. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2002; 13:486-9.
  • 20. Mackay A.D., Taylor M.B., Kibbler C.C., Hamilton-Miller J.M.T. Lactobacillus endocarditis caused by a probiotic organism. Clin Microbiol Infect 1999; 5:290-2.
  • 21. Rautio M., Jousimies-Somer H., Kauma H., et al. Liver abscess due to a Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain indistinguishable from L. rhamnosus strain GG. Clin Infect Dis 1999; 28:1159-60.
  • 22. Salminen M.K., Rautelin H., Tynkkynen S., et al. Lactobacillus bacteremia, clinical significance, and patient outcome, with special focus on probiotic L. rhamnosus GG. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 38:62-9.
  • 23. Land M.H., Rouster-Stevens K., Woods C.R., et al. Lactobacillus sepsis associated with probiotic therapy. Pediatrics 2005; 115:178-81.
  • 24. De Groote M.A., Frank D.N., Dowell E., et al. Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG bacteremia associated with probiotic use in a child with short gut syndrome. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2005; 24:278-80.
  • 25. Hennequin C., Kauffmann-Lacroix C., Jobert A., et al. Possible role of catheters in Saccharomyces boulardii fungemia. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2000; 19:16-20.
  • 26. Cherifi S., Cherifi S., Robberecht J., Miendje Y. Saccharomyces cerevisiae fungemia in an elderly patient with Clostridium difficile colitis. Acta Clin Belg 2004; 59:223-4.
  • 27. Riquelme A.J., Calvo M.A., Guzman A.M., et al. Saccharomyces cerevisiae fungemia after Saccharomyces boulardii treatment in immunocompromised patients. J Clin Gastroenterol 2003; 36:41-3.
  • 28. Lestin F., Pertschy A., Rimek D. Fungemia after oral treatment with Saccharomyces boulardii in a patient with multiple comorbidities. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 2003; 128:2531-3.
  • 29. Munoz Р., Bouza E., Cuenca-Estrella M., et al. Saccharomyces cerevisiae fungemia: an emerging infectious disease. Clin Infect Dis 2005; 40:1625-34.
  • 30. Oggioni M.R., Pozzi G., Balensin P.E., et al. Recurrent septicemia in an immunocompromised patient due to probiotic strains of Bacillus subtilis. J Clin Microbiol 1998; 36:325–6.
  • 31. Richard V., Auwera P., Snoeck R., et al. Nosocomial bacteremia caused by Bacillus species. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1988; 7:783-5.
  • 32. Gardiner D., Murphey S., Ossman E., Jungkind D. Prevalence and acquisition of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in a medical intensive care unit. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2002; 23:466-8.
  • 33. Salminen M.K., Tynkkynen S., Rautelin H., et al. Lactobacillus bacteremia during a rapid increase in probiotic use of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG in Finland. Clin Infect Dis 2002; 35:1155-60.
  • 34. Tannock G.W., Tilsala-Timisjarvi A., Rodtong S., еt аl. Identification of Lactobacillus isolates from the gastrointestinal tract, silage, and yoghurt by 16S-23S rRNA gene intergenic spacer region sequence comparisons. Appl Environ Microbiol 1999; 65:4264-7.
  • 35. Reid G., Jass J., Sebulski M.T., McCormick J.K. Potential uses of probiotics in clinical practice. Clin Microbiol Rev 2003; 16:658-72.
  • 36. Huang J., Bousvaros A., Lee J., et al. Efficacy of probiotic use in acute diarrhea in children, a meta-analysis. Dig Dis Sci 2002; 47:2625-34.
  • 37. Allen S.J., Okoko B., Martinez E., et al. Probiotics for treating infectious diarrhoea. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004; (2):CD003048.
  • 38. Van Niel C.W., Feudtner C., Garrison M.M., et al. Lactobacillus therapy for acute infectious diarrhea in children: a meta-analysis. Pediatrics 2002; 109:678-84.
  • 39. McFarland L.V. Diarrhea acquired in the hospital. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 1993; 22:563-77.
  • 40. Castagliuolo I., Riegler M.F., Valenick L., et аl. Saccharomyces boulardii protease inhibits the effects of Clostridium difficile toxins A and B in human colonic mucosa. Infect Immun 1999; 67:302-7.
  • 41. Plummer S., Weawer M., Dee P., Hunter J. Clostridium difficile pilot study: effects of probiotic supplementation on the incidence of C.difficile diarrhea. Int Мicrobiоl 2004; 7:59-62.
  • 42. Cremonini F., Di Caro S., Nista E.C., et al. Metaanalysis: the effect of probiotic administration on antibiotic-associated diarrhoea. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2002; 16:1461-7.
  • 43. D’Souza A.L., Rajkumar C., Cooke J., Bulpitt C.J. Probiotics in prevention of antibiotic associated diarrhea: meta-analysis. BMJ 2002; 324:1361.
  • 44. Szajewska H., Mrukowicz J. Meta-analysis: non-pathogenic yeast Saccharomyces boulardii in the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2005; 22:365-72.
  • 45. Schultz M., Timmer A., Herfarth H.H., et al. Lactobacillus GG in inducing and maintaining remission of Crohn’s disease. BMC Gastroenterol 2004; 4:5.
  • 46. Malchow H.A. Crohn’s disease and Escherichia coli. A new approach in therapy to maintain remission of colonic Crohn’s disease? J Clin Gastroenterol 1997; 25:653-8.
  • 47. Guslandi M., Mezzi G., Sorghi M. Saccharomyces boulardii in maintenance treatment of Crohn’s disease. Dig Dis Sci 2000; 45:1462-4.
  • 48. Gionchetti P., Rizzello F., Venturi A., et al. Oral bacteriotherapy as maintenance treatment in patients with chronic pouchitis: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Gastroenterology 2000; 119:305-9.
  • 49. Mimura T., Rizzello F., Helwig U., et al. Once daily high dose probiotic therapy (VSL#3) for maintaining remission in recurrent or refractory pouchitis. Gut 2004; 53:108-14.
  • 50. Kuisma J., Mentula S., Jarvinen H., et al. Effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG on ileal pouch inflammation and microbial flora. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2003; 17:509-15.
  • 51. Gionchetti P., Rizzello F., Helwig U., et al. Prophylaxis of pouchitis onset with probiotic therapy: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Gastroenterology 2003; 124:1202-9.
  • 52. Gosselink M.P., Schouten W.R., van Lieshout L.M., et al. Delay of the first onset of pouchitis by oral intake of the probiotic strain Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG. Dis Colon Rectum 2004; 47:876-84.
  • 53. Boyanova L., Mentis A., Gubina M., et al. The status of antimicrobial resistance of Helicobacter pylori in Еastern Europe. Clin Microbiol Infect 2002; 8:388-96.
  • 54. Armuzzi A., Cremonini F. Bartolozzi F., et al. The effect of oral administration of Lactobacillus GG on antibiotic-associated gastrointestinal side-effects during Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2001; 15:163-9.
  • 55. Canducci F., Armuzzi A., Cremonini F., et al. A lyophilized and inactivated culture of Lactobacillus acidophilus increases Helicobacter pylori eradication rates. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2000; 14:1625-9.
  • 56. Cats A., Kuipers E.J., Bosschaert M.A., et al. Effect of frequent consumption of a Lactobacillus casei-containing milk drink in Helicobacter pylori-colonized subjects. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2003; 17:429-35.
  • 57. Cremonini F., Di Caro S., Covino M., et al. Effect of different probiotic preparations on anti-Helicobacter pylori therapy-related side effects: a parallel group, triple blind, placebo-controlled study. Am J Gastroenterol 2002; 97:2744-9.
  • 58. Felley C.P., Corthesy-Theulaz I., Rivero J.L., et al. Favourable effect of an acidified milk (LC-1) on Helicobacter pylori gastritis in man. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2001; 13:25-9.
  • 59. Michetti P., Dorta G., Wiesel P.H., et al. Effect of whey-based culture supernatant of Lactobacillus acidophilus (johnsonii) La1 on Helicobacter pylori infection in humans. Digestion 1999; 60:203-9.
  • 60. Mrda Z., Zivanovic M., Rasic J., et al. Therapy of Helicobacter pylori infection using Lactobacillus acidophilus. Med Pregl 1998; 51:343-5.
  • 61. Pantoflickova D., Corthesy-Theulaz I., Dorta G., et al. Favourable effect of regular intake of fermented milk containing Lactobacillus johnsonii on Helicobacter pylori associated gastritis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2003; 18:805-13.
  • 62. Sakamoto I., Igarashi M., Kimura K., et al. Suppressive effect of Lactobacillus gasseri OLL 2716 (LG21) on Helicobacter pylori infection in humans. J Antimicrob Chemother 2001; 47:709-10.
  • 63. Sheu B.S., Wu J.J., Lo C.Y., et al. Impact of supplement with Lactobacillus- and Bifidobacterium-containing yogurt on triple therapy for Helicobacter pylori eradication. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2002; 16:1669-75.
  • 64. Wendakoon C.N., Thomson A.B., Ozimek L. Lack of therapeutic effect of a specially designed yogurt for the eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection. Digestion 2002; 65:16-20.
  • 65. Wang K.-Y., Li S.-N., Liu C.-S., et al. Effects of ingesting Lactobacillus- and Bifidobacterium-containing yogurt in subjects with colonized Helicobacter pylori. Am J Clin Nut 2004; 80:737-41.
  • 66. Sykora J., Valeckova K., Amlerova J., et al. Effects of a specially designed fermented milk product containing probiotic Lactobacillus casei DN-114 001 and the eradication of H. pylori in children: a prospective randomized double-blind study. J Clin Gastroenterol 2005; 39:692-8.
  • 67. Myllyluoma E., Veijola L., Ahlroos T., et al. Probiotic supplementation improves tolerance to Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy – a placebo-controlled, double-blind randomized pilot study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2005; 21:1263-72.
  • 68. Tursi A., Brandimarte G., Giorgetti G.M., Modeo M.E. Effect of Lactobacillus casei supplementation on the effectiveness and tolerability of a new second-line 10-day quadruple therapy after failure of a first attempt to cure Helicobacter pylori infection. Med Sci Monit 2004; 10: CR662-6.
  • 69. Isolauri E. Dietary modification of atopic disease: Use of probiotics in the prevention of atopic dermatitis. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2004; 4:270-5.
  • 70. Schmidt W.P. Model of the epidemic of childhood atopy. Med Sci Monit 2004; 10:HY5.
  • 71. Kalliomaki M., Isolauri E. Role of intestinal flora in the development of allergy. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2003; 3:15-20.
  • 72. Rosenfeldt V., Benfeldt E., Valerius N.H., et al. Effect of probiotics on gastrointestinal symptoms and small intestinal permeability in children with atopic dermatitis. J Pediatr 2004; 145:612-6.
  • 73. Majamaa H., Isolauri E. Probiotics: a novel approach in the management of food allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1997; 99:179-85.
  • 74. Research suggests potential role for probiotics in treating allergy. Infect Dis Childr 2003; 3:72.
  • 75. Kalliomaki M., Salminen S., Poussa T., et al. Probiotics and prevention of atopic disease: 4-year follow-up of a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2003; 361:1869-71.
  • 76. Rautava S., Kalliomaki M., Isolauri E. Probiotics during pregnancy and breast-feeding might confer immnomodulatory protection against atopic disease in the infant. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2002; 109:119-21.
  • 77. Hanifin J.M., Cooper K.D., Ho V.C., et al. Guidelines of care for atopic dermatitis, developed in accordance with the American Academy of Dermatology (AAD)/American Academy of Dermatology Association „Administrative Regulations for Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines“. J Am Acad Dermatol 2004; 50:391-404.
  • 78. Isolauri E., Arvola T., Sutas Y., et al. Probiotics in the management of atopic eczema. Clin Exp Allergy 2000; 30:1604-10.
  • 79. Kirjavainen P.V., Salminen S.J., Isolauri E. Probiotic bacteria in the management of atopic disease: underscoring the importance of viability. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2003; 36:223-7.
  • 80. Rosenfeldt V., Benfeldt E., Nielsen S.D., et al. Effect of probiotic Lactobacillus strains in children with atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003; 111:389-95.
  • 81. Weston S., Halbert A., Richmond P., Prescott S.L. Effects of probiotics on atopic dermatitis: a randomised controlled trial. Arch Dis Child 2005; 90:892-7.
  • 82. Viljanen M., Savilahti E., Haahtela T., et al. Probiotics in the treatment of atopic eczema/dermatitis syndrome in infants: a double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Allergy 2005; 60:494-500.
  • 83. Helin T., Haahtela S., Haahtela T. No effect of oral treatment with an intestinal bacterial strain, Lactobacillus rhamnosus (ATCC 53103), on birch-pollen allergy: a placebo-controlled double-blind study. Allergy 2002; 57:243-6.
  • 84. Wang M.F., Lin H.C., Wang Y.Y., Hsu C.H. Treatment of perennial allergic rhinitis with lactic acid bacteria. Treatment of perennial allergic rhinitis with lactic acid bacteria. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2004; 15:152-8.
  • 85. Collet J.P., Burtin P., Gillet J., еt аl. Risk of infectious diseases in children attending different types of day-care setting. Respiration 1994; 61(Suppl 1):16-9.
  • 86. Nafstad P., Hagen J.A., Oie L., et al. Day care centers and respiratory health. Pediatrics 1999; 103:753-8.
  • 87. Hatakka K., Savilahti E., Ponka A., et al. Effect of long term consumption of probiotic milk on infections in children attending day care centres: double blind, randomised trial. BMJ 2001; 322:1327.
  • 88. Weizman Z., Asli G., Alsheikh A. Effect of a probiotic infant formula on infections in child care centers: comparison of two probiotic agents. Pediatrics 2005; 115:5-9.
  • 89. Tubelius P., Stan V., Zachrisson A. Increasing work-place healthiness with the probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri: a randomised, double-blind placebo-controlled study. Environ Health 2005; 4:25.
  • 90. de Vrese M., Winkler P., Rautenberg P., et al. Effect of Lactobacillus gasseri PA 16/8, Bifidobacterium longum SP 07/3, B. bifidum MF 20/5 on common cold episodes: a double blind, randomized, controlled trial. Clin Nutr 2005; 24:481-91.
  • 91. Dani C., Biadaioli R., Bertini G., et al. Probiotics feeding in prevention of urinary tract infection, bacterial sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants. A prospective double-blind study. Biol Neonate 2002; 82:103-8.
  • 92. Mastretta E., Longo P., Laccisaglia A., et al. Effect of Lactobacillus GG and breast-feeding in the prevention of rotavirus nosocomial infection. Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2002; 35:527-31.
  • 93. Lawrence G., Tudehope D., Baumann K., et al. Enteral human IgG for prevention of necrotising enterocolitis: a placebo-controlled, randomised trial. Lancet 2001; 357:2090-4.
  • 94. Kafetzis D.A., Skevaki C., Costalos C. Neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis: an overview. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2003; 16:349-55.
  • 95. Hoyos A.B. Reduced incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis associated with enteral administration of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium infantis to neonates in an intensive care unit. Int J Infect Dis 1999; 3:197-202.
  • 96. Millar M., Wilks M., Costeloe K. Probiotics for preterm infants? Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2003; 88: F354-8.
  • 97. Lin H.C., Su B.H., Chen A.C., et al. Oral probiotics reduce the incidence and severity of necrotizing enterocolitis in very low birth weight infants. Pediatrics 2005; 115:1-4.
  • 98. Bin-Nun A., Bromiker R., Wilschanski M., et al. Oral probiotics prevent necrotizing enterocolitis in very low birth weight neonates. J Pediatr 2005; 147:192-6.
  • 99. Kaila M., Isolauri E., Soppi E., et al. Enhancement of the circulating antibody secreting cell response in human diarrhea by a human Lactobacillus strain. Pediatr Res 1992; 32:141-4.
  • 100. Cadieux P., Burton J.G., Gardiner I., et al. Lactobacillus strains and vaginal ecology. JAMA 2002; 287:1940-1.
  • 101. Reid G., Bruce A. W., Taylor M. Instillation of Lactobacillus and stimulation of indigenous organisms to prevent recurrence of urinary tract infections. Microecol Ther 1995; 23:32-45.
  • 102. Reid G., Bruce A. W., Fraser N., et al. Oral probiotics can resolve urogenital infections. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 2001; 30:49-52.
  • 103. Eschenbach D.A., Thwin S.S., Patton D.L., et al. Influence of the normal menstrual cycle on vaginal tissue, discharge, and microflora. Clin Infect Dis 2000; 30:901-7.
  • 104. Galask R.P. Vaginal colonization by bacteria and yeast. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1988; 158:993-5.
  • 105. Eschenbach D.A., Patton D.L., Meier A., et al. Effects of oral contraceptive pill use on vaginal flora and vaginal epithelium. Contraception. 2000; 62:107-12.
  • 106. Schwebke J.R., Richey C.M., Weiss H.L. Correlation of behaviors with microbiological changes in vaginal flora. J Infect Dis 1999; 180:1632-6.
  • 107. Keane F.E., Ison C.A., Taylor-Robinson D. A longitudinal study of the vaginal flora over a menstrual cycle. Int J STD AIDS 1997; 8:489-94.
  • 108. Reid G., Burton J., Devillard E. The rational for probiotics in female urogenital healthcare. MedGenMed 2004; 6:49.
  • 109. Wilks M., Wiggins R., Whiley A., et al. Identification and H2O2 production of vaginal lactobacilli from pregnant women at high risk of preterm birth and relation with outcome. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42:713-7.
  • 110. Vallor A.C., Antonio M.A., Hawes S.E., Hillier S.L. Factors associated with acquisition of, or persistent colonization by, vaginal lactobacilli: role of hydrogen peroxide production. J Infect Dis 2001; 184:1431-6.
  • 111. Sablon E., Contreras B., Vandamme E. Antimicrobial peptides of lactic acid bacteria: mode of action, genetics and biosynthesis. Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnol 2000; 68:21-60.
  • 112. Reid G., Charbonneau D., Erb J., et al. Oral use of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 and L. fermentum RC-14 significantly alters vaginal flora: randomized, placebo-controlled trial in 64 healthy women. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 2003; 35:131-4.
  • 113. Eriksson K., Carlsson B., Forsum U., Larsson P.G. A double-blind treatment study of bacterial vaginosis with normal vaginal lactobacilli after an open treatment with vaginal clindamycin ovules. Acta Derm Venereol 2005; 85:42-6.
  • 114. Pirotta M., Gunn J., Chondros P., et al. Effect of Lactobacillus in preventing post-antibiotic vulvovaginal candidiasis: a randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2004; 329:548.
  • 115. Klebanoff S.J., Hillier S.L., Eschenbach D.A., Waltersdorph A.M. Control of the microbial flora of the vagina by H2O2-generating lactobacilli. J Infect Dis 1991; 164:94-100.
  • 116. Sobel J.D., Chaim W. Vaginal microbiology of women with acute recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis. J Clin Microbiol 1996; 34:2497-9.
  • 117. Colodner R., Edelstein H., Chazan B., Raz R. Vaginal colonization by orally administered Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG. Isr Med Assoc J 2003; 5:767-9.
  • 118. Rayes N., Seehofer D., Hansen S., et al. Early enteral supply of Lactobacillus and fiber versus selective bowel decontamination: a controlled trial in liver transplant recipients. Transplantation 2002; 74:123-7.
  • 119. Olah A., Belagyi T., Issekutz A., et al. Randomized clinical trial of specific Lactobacillus and fibre supplement to early enteral nutrition in patients with acute pancreatitis. Br J Surg 2002; 89:1103-7.
  • 120. Bonn D. Probiotics reduce risk of gut infections. Lancet Infect Dis 2002; 2:716.
  • 121. Kajander K., Hatakka K., Poussa T., et al. A probiotic mixture alleviates symptoms in irritable bowel syndrome patients: a controlled 6-month intervention. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2005; 22:387-94.
  • 122. Agerholm-Larsen L., Raben A., Haulrik N., et al. Effect of 8 week intake of probiotic milk products on risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. Eur J Clin Nutr 2000; 54:288-97.
  • 123. Naruszewicz M., Johansson M.L., Zapolska-Downar D., et al. Effect of Lactobacillus plantarum 299v on cardiovascular disease risk factors in smokers. Am J Clin Nutr 2002; 76:1249-55.
  • 124. Xiao J.Z., Kondo S., Takahashi N., et al. Effects of milk products fermented by Bifidobacterium longum on blood lipids in rats and healthy adult male volunteers. J Dairy Sci 2003; 86:2452-61.
  • 125. Heiser C.R., Ernst J.A., Barrett J.T., et al. Probiotics, soluble fiber, and L-Glutamine (GLN) reduce nelfinavir (NFV)- or lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r)-related diarrhea. J Int Assoc Physicians AIDS Care 2004; 3:121-9.
  • 126. Ahola A.J., Yli-Knuuttila H., Suomalainen T., et al. Short-term consumption of probiotic-containing cheese and its effect on dental caries risk factors. Arch Oral Biol 2002; 47:799-804.
  • 127. Nase L., Hatakka K., Savilahti E., et al. Effect of long-term consumption of a probiotic bacterium, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, in milk on dental caries and caries risk in children. Caries Res 2001; 35:412-20.
  • 128. Szajewska H., Kotowska M., Mrukowicz J.Z., et al. Efficacy of Lactobacillus GG in prevention of nosocomial diarrhea in infants. J Pediatr 2001; 138:361-5.
Просмотров
0 Аннотация
0 PDF
0 Цитирования
Поделились