Аннотация
Применение антимикробных препаратов (АМП) у беременных связано с потенциальным риском неблагоприятного воздействия на плод или новорождённого. Физиологические изменения при беременности могут приводить к изменению фармакокинетики АМП за счёт изменения почечного кровотока, клубочковой фильтрации, изменения объёма циркулирующей крови, концентрации альбумина, что часто ведёт к субоптимальному дозированию АМП. АМП могут вызвать 3 варианта воздействия на плод: эмбриотоксическое, тератогенное и фетотоксическое. Первичную информацию о безопасности АМП для плода получают, исходя из строения молекулы препарата, в исследованиях с использованием культуры тканей и в экспериментах на животных. Основной объём данных собирают в ходе клинических исследований и при проведении разных типов эпидемиологических исследований (типа «случай-контроль», проспективные когортные исследования). Наиболее распространёнными в мире критериями, определяющими возможность применения ЛС при беременности, являются рекомендации, разработанные FDA. В Австралии и Швеции существуют классификации, более детально характеризующие категории препаратов. В целом, АМП обладают относительно высокой безопасностью по отношению к плоду, что обусловлено особенностями действия АМП: их активность направлена прежде всего на бактериальные клетки, а не на клетки макроорганизма; кроме того, АМП назначаются, как правило, более короткими курсами, чем другие группы ЛС, а фактор длительности экспозиции играет решающую роль в развитии тератогенных эффектов.
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