Аннотация
В 2003 г. восемь российских лечебных центров в Екатеринбурге, Иркутске, Краснодаре, Новосибирске, Москве, Санкт-Петербурге и Смоленске приняли участие в исследовании ARTEMIS Disk 2003, целью которого был мониторинг резистентности клинических штаммов грибов рода Candida к флуконазолу и вориконазолу с использованием диско-диффузионного метода. Всего было протестировано 1223 штамма Candida spp., выделенных из половых путей (29%), верхних отделов дыхательных путей (20%), нижних отделов желудочно-кишечного тракта (16%), нижних отделов дыхательных путей (13%) и из мочевыводящих путей (9%). Доминирующими видами были: C.albicans (73,7%), C.glabrata (5,2%), C.parapsilosis (3%) и C.krusei (2,8%). C.albicans, являясь ведущим возбудителем кандидозов, сохраняет высокую чувствительность к флуконазолу (98,9% чувствительных штаммов). Наименьшая чувствительность к флуконазолу отмечена у C.krusei (6% чувствительных штаммов) и C.glabrata (61% чувствительных штаммов). Вориконазол был высокоактивен в отношении всех видов грибов рода Candida, включая резистентные к флуконазолу штаммы (его МПК50 и МПК90 для большинства штаммов были менее 0,1 и 0,5 мкг/мл соответственно).
-
1.
Руководство по инфекционным болезням. Под ред. Ю.В. Лобзина. 3-е изд. СПб.: Фолиант; 2003. 1040 с.
-
2.
Woodward T.E., Smadel J.E., Ley H.L., Green R., Mankikar D.S. Preliminary report on the beneficial effect of chloromycetin in the treatment of typhoid fever. Ann Intern Med 1948; 29:131-4.
-
3.
Rowe B., Ward L.R., Threlfall E.J. Multidrug-resistant Salmonella Typhi: a worldwide epidemic. Clin Infect Dis 1997; 24(Suppl 1):S106-S109.
-
4.
Bopp C.A., Brenner F.W., Fields P.I., Wells J.G., Strock- bine N.A. Escherichia, Shigella, and Salmonella. In: Murray P., Baron E., Jorgensen J., Pfaller M., Yolken R., et al., editors. Manual of Clinical Microbiology, 8th ed. Washington: American Society for Microbiology; 2003. p. 654-71.
-
5.
Grossman D.A., Witham N.D., Burr D.H., et al. Flagellar serotypes of Salmonella Typhi in Indonesia: relationship among motility, invasiveness, and clinical illness. J Infect Dis 1995; 171:212-6.
-
6.
Parkhill J., Dougan G., James K.D., et al. Complete genome sequence of a multiple drug resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi CT18. Nature 2001; 413:848-52.
-
7.
McClelland M., Sanderson K.E., Spieth J., et al. The com- plete genome sequence of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium LT2. Nature 2001; 413:852-6.
-
8.
Blattner F.R., Plunkett G., Bloch C.A., et al. The com- plete genome sequence of Escherichia coli K-12. Science 1997; 277:1453-74.
-
9.
Sherburne C.K., Lawley T.D., Gilmour M.W., et al. The complete DNA sequence and analysis of R27, a large IncHI plasmid from Salmonella Typhi that is temperature sensitive for transfer. Nucleic Acids Res 2000; 28:2177- 86.
-
10.
Taylor D.E., Chumpitaz J.C., Goldstein F. Variability of IncHI1 plasmids from Salmonella Typhi with special ref- erence to Peruvian plasmids encoding resistance to trimethoprim and other antibiotics. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1985; 28:452-5.
-
11.
Shanahan P.M., Jesudason M.V., Thomson C.J., Amyes S.G. Molecular analysis of and identification of antibiot- ic resistance genes in clinical isolates of Salmonella Typhi from India. J Clin Microbiol 1998; 36:1595-600.
-
12.
Shanahan P.M., Karamat K.A., Thomson C.J., Amyes S.G.B. Characterization of multi-drug resistant Salmonella Typhi from Pakistan. Epidemiol Infect 2000; 124:9-16.
-
13.
Hoa N.T.T., Diep T.S., Wain J., et al. Community-acqui- red septicaemia in southern Vietnam: the importance of multidrug-resistant Salmonella Typhi. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1998; 92:503-8.
-
14.
Spread of multiresistant Salmonella Typhi. Lancet 1990; 336:1065-6.
-
15.
Kariuki S., Gilks C., Revathi G., Hart C.A. Genotypic analysis of multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar typhi, Kenya. Emerg Infect Dis 2000; 6:649-51.
-
16.
Thong K.-L., Bhutta Z.A., Pang T. Multidrug-resistant strains of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi are geneti- cally homogenous and coexist with antibiotic-sensitive strains as distinct, independent clones. Int J Infect Dis 2000; 4:194-7.
-
17.
Connerton P., Wain J., Hien T.T., et al. Epidemic typhoid in Vietnam: molecular typing of multiple-antibi- otic-resistant Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi from four outbreaks. J Clin Microbiol 2000; 38:895-7.
-
18.
Mirza S., Kariuki S., Mamun K.Z., Beeching N.J., Hart C.A. Analysis of plasmid and chromosomal DNA of mul- tidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi from Asia. J Clin Microbiol 2000; 38:1449-52.
-
19.
Kabra S.K., Madhulika, Talati A., Soni N., Patel S., Modi R.R. Multidrug resistant typhoid fever. Tropical Doctor 2000; 30:195-9.
-
20.
Ackers M.L., Puhr N.D., Tauxe R.V., Mintz E.D. Labora- tory-based surveillance of Salmonella serotype Typhi infections in the United States: antimicrobial resistance on the rise. JAMA 2000; 283:2668-73.
-
21.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. NARMS 2000 Annual Report. Available from: www.cdc.gov/narms/annuals.htm
-
22.
Threlfall E.J., Ward L. Decreased susceptibility to cipro- floxacin in Salmonella enterica serotype typhi, United Kingdom. Emerg Infect Dis 2001; 7:448-50.
-
23.
Scuderi G., Fantasia M., Niglio T. The antibiotic resist- nace patterns of Salmonella Typhi isolates in Italy 1980- 96. Epidemiol Infect 2000; 124:17-23.
-
24.
Molbak K., Gerner-Smidt P., Wegenger H.C. Increasing quinolone resistance in Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis. Emerg Infect Dis 2002; 8:514-5.
-
25.
Prats G.B., Mirelis B., Llovet T., Munoz C., Miro E., Navar- ro F. Antibiotic resistance trends in enteropathogenic bac- teria isolated in 1985-1987 and 1995-1998 in Barcelona. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000; 44:1140-5.
-
26.
Wain J., Hoa N.T., Chinh N.T., et al. Quinolone-resistant Salmonella Typhi in Vietnam: molecular basis of resis- tance and clinical response to treatment. Clin Infect Dis 1997; 25:1404-10.
-
27.
Renuka K., Kapil A., Kabra S.K., Wig N., Das B.K., Pra- sad V.V., et al. Reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin and gyrA gene mutation in North Indian strains of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi and serotype Paratyphi A. Microb Drug Resist 2004; 10:146-53.
-
28.
Madhulika U., Harish B.N., Parija S.C. Current pattern in antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella Typhi iso- lates in Pondicherry. Indian J Med Res 2004; 120:111-4.
-
29.
Mermin J.H., Villar R., Carpenter J., et al. A massive epi- demic of multidrug-resistant typhoid fever in Tajikistan associated with consumption of municipal water. J Infect Dis 1999; 179:1416-22.
-
30.
Aarestrup F.M., Molbak K., Threlfall E.J. Is it time to change fluoroquinolone breakpoints for Salmonella spp.? Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003; 47:827-9.
-
31.
Parry C.M., Hien T.T., Dougan G., White N.J., Farrar J.J. Typhoid fever. N Engl J Med 2002; 347:1770-82.
-
32.
Rupali P., Abraham O.C., Jesudason M.V., John T.J., Za- chariah A., Sivaram S., et al. Treatment failure in typhoid fever with ciprofloxacin susceptible Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2004; 49:1-3.
-
33.
John M. Decreasing clinical response of quinolones in the treatment of enteric fever. Indian J Med Sci 2001; 55:189-94.
-
34.
National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing; Fourteenth Informational Supplement. NCCLS document M100-S14. 2004; 24(1):96-9.
-
35.
Crump J.A., Barrett T.J., Nelson J.T., Angulo F.J. Reeva- luating fluoroquinolone breakpoints for Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi and for non-Typhi salmonellae. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 37:75-81.
-
36.
Bhutta Z.A., Khan I.A., Shadmani M. Failure of short course ceftriaxone chemotherapy for multidrug resistant typhoid fever in children: a randomized controlled trial in Pakistan. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000; 44:450-2.
-
37.
Saha S.K., Talukder S.Y., Islam M., Saha S. A highly cef- triaxone-resistant Salmonella Typhi in Bangladesh. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1999; 18:387.
-
38.
Lin F.Y., Ho V.A., Bay P.V., et al. The epidemiology of typhoid fever in the Dong Thap Province, Mekong Delta region of Vietnam. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2000; 62:644-8.
-
39.
Sinha A., Sazawal S., Kumar R., et al. Typhoid fever in children aged less than 5 years. Lancet 1999; 354:734-7.
-
40.
Ivanoff B. Typhoid fever: global situation and WHO rec- ommendations. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1995; 26(Suppl 2):1-6.
-
41.
Olsen S.J., Bleasdale S.C., Magnano A.R., et al. Out- breaks of typhoid fever in the United States, 1960-99. Epidemiol Infect 2003; 130:13-21.
-
42.
Pegues D.A., Ohl M.E., Miller S.I. Salmonella species, including Salmonella Typhi. In: Mandell G.L., Bennett J.E., Dolin R., editors. Principles and practice of infec- tious diseases. 6th ed. New York: Churchill Livingstone; 2004. p. 2636-2654.
-
43.
House D., Bishop A., Parry C.M., Dougan G., Wain J. Typhoid fever: pathogenesis and disease. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2001; 14:573-8.
-
44.
Wain J., Diep T.S., Ho V.A., et al. Quantitation of bacteria in blood of typhoid fever patients and relationship between counts and clinical features, transmissibility, and antibiot- ic resistance. J Clin Microbiol 1998; 36:1683-7.
-
45.
Wain J., Bay V.B., Ha V., et al. Quantitation of bacteria in bone marrow from patients with typhoid fever: rela- tionship between counts and clinical features. J Clin Microbiol 2001; 39:1571-6.
-
46.
Everest P., Wain J., Roberts M., Rook G., Dougan G. The molecular mechanisms of severe typhoid fever. Trends Microbiol 2001; 9:316-20.
-
47.
Gotuzzo E., Frisancho O., Sanchez J., et al. Association between the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and infection with Salmonella Typhi or Salmonella paratyphi in an endemic typhoid area. Arch Intern Med 1991; 151:381-2.
-
48.
Butler T., Islam A., Kabir I., Jones P.K. Patterns of mor- bidity and mortality in typhoid fever dependent on age and gender: a review of 552 hospitalized patients with diarrhea. Rev Infect Dis 1991; 13:85-90.
-
49.
Stoner M.C., Forsythe R., Mills A.S., Ivatury R.R., Broderick T.J. Intestinal perforation secondary to Salmonella Typhi: case report and review of the litera- ture. Am Surg 2000; 66:219-22.
-
50.
Войновский Е.А., Ревской А.К. Хирургические осложнения брюшного тифа. М.: Красная звезда; 1995. 191 с.
-
51.
Punjabi N.H., Hoffman S.L., Edman D.C., et al. Treat- ment of severe typhoid fever in children with high dose dexamethasone. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1988; 7:598-600.
-
52.
Rogerson S.J., Spooner V.J., Smith T.A., Richens J. Hydro- cortisone in chloramphenicol-treated severe typhoid fever in Papua New Guinea. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1991; 85:113-6.
-
53.
Carles G., Montoya Y., Seve B., Rakotofananina T., Largeaud M., Mignot V. Typhoid fever and pregnancy. J Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod (Paris) 2002; 31:495-9.
-
54.
Reed R.P., Klugman K.P. Neonatal typhoid fever. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1994; 13:774-7.
-
55.
Wain J., Hien T.T., Connerton P., et al. Molecular typing of multiple-antibiotic-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi from Vietnam: application to acute and relapse cases of typhoid fever. J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37:2466-72.
-
56.
Tanyigna K.B., Bello C.S., Okeke N., Onwukeme K.E. Comparison of blood, bone marrow aspirate, stool and urine cultures in the diagnosis of enteric fever. Niger J Med 2001; 10(1):21-4.
-
57.
Pai A.P., Koppikar G.V., Deshpande S. Role of modified Widal test in the diagnosis of enteric fever. J Assoc Physicians India 2003; 51:9-11.
-
58.
Olopoenia L.A., King A.L. Widal agglutination test – 100 years later: still plagued by controversy. Postgrad Med J 2000; 76(892):80-4.
-
59.
Itah A.Y., Akpan C.J. Correlation studies on Widal agglu- tination reaction and diagnosis of typhoid fever. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2004; 35:88-91.
-
60.
Willke A., Ergonul O., Bayar B. Widal test in diagnosis of typhoid fever in Turkey. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 2002; 9:938-41.
-
61.
Nsutebu E.F., Ndumbe P.M., Koulla S. The increase in occurrence of typhoid fever in Cameroon: overdiagnosis due to misuse of the Widal test? Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2002; 96:64-7.
-
62.
Parry C.M., Hoa N.T., Diep T.S., et al. Value of a single- tube Widal test in diagnosis of typhoid fever in Vietnam. J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37:2882-6.
-
63.
House D., Wain J., Ho V.A., et al. Serology of typhoid fever in an area of endemicity and its relevance to diag- nosis. J Clin Microbiol 2001; 39:1002-7.
-
64.
Olsen S.J., Pruckler J., Bibb W., Nguyen T.M., Tran M.T., Nguyen T.M., et al. Evaluation of rapid diagnostic tests for typhoid fever. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42:1885-9.
-
65.
Jesudason M., Esther E., Mathai E. Typhidot test to detect IgG & IgM antibodies in typhoid fever. Indian J Med Res 2002; 116:70-2.
-
66.
Sanchez-Jimenez M.M., Cardona-Castro N. Validation of a PCR for diagnosis of typhoid fever and salmonellosis by amplification of the hilA gene in clinical samples from Colombian patients. J Med Microbiol 2004; 53(Pt 9):875-8.
-
67.
Massi M.N., Shirakawa T., Gotoh A., Bishnu A., Hat- ta M., Kawabata M. Rapid diagnosis of typhoid fever by PCR assay using one pair of primers from flagellin gene of Salmonella Typhi. J Infect Chemother 2003; 9:233-7.
-
68.
Vinh H., Wain J., Vo T.N., et al. Two or three days of ofloxacin treatment for uncomplicated multidrug-resis- tant typhoid fever in children. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1996; 40:958-61.
-
69.
Cao X.T., Kneen R., Nguyen T.A., Truong D.L., Whi- te N.J., Parry C.M. A comparative study of ofloxacin and cefixime for treatment of typhoid fever in children. Pedi- atr Infect Dis J 1999; 18:245-8.
-
70.
Girgis N.I., Butler T., Frenck R.W., Sultan Y., Brown F.M., Tribble D., et al. Azithromycin versus cipro- floxacin for treatment of uncomplicated typhoid fever in a randomized trial in Egypt that included patients with multidrug resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999; 43:1441-4.
-
71.
Chinh N.T., Parry C.M., Ly N.T., Ha H.D., Thong M.X., Diep T.S., et al. A randomized controlled comparison of azithromycin and ofloxacin for treatment of multidrug- resistant and nalidixic acid-resistant enteric fever. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000; 44:1855-9.
-
72.
Hien T.T., Bethell D.B., Hoa N.T., et al. Short course of ofoxacin for treatment of multidrug resistant typhoid. Clin Infect Dis 1995; 20:917-23.
-
73.
Schaad U.B., abdus Salam M., Aujard Y., et al. Use of flu- oroquinolones in pediatrics: consensus report of an International Society of Chemotherapy commission. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1995; 14:1-9.
-
74.
Doherty C.P., Saha S.K., Cutting W.A. Typhoid fever, ciprofloxacin and growth in young children. Ann Trop Paediatr 2000; 20:297-303.
-
75.
Thomsen L.L., Paerregaard A. Treatment with cipro- floxacin in children with typhoid fever. Scand J Infect Dis 1998; 30:355-7.
-
76.
Parry C.M. The treatment of multidrug-resistant and nalidixic acid-resistant typhoid fever in Viet Nam. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2004; 98:413-22.
-
77.
Dutta P., Mitra U., Dutta S., De A., Chatterjee M.K., Bhattacharya S.K. Ceftriaxone therapy in ciprofloxacin treatment failure in typhoid fever in children. Indian J Med Res 2001; 113:210-3.
-
78.
Smith M.D., Doung N.M., Hoa N.T., et al. Comparison of ofloxacin and ceftriaxone for short-course treatment of enteric fever. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1994; 38:1716-20.
-
79.
Memon I.A., Billoo A.G., Memon H.I. Cefixime: an oral option for the treatment of multidrug-resistant enteric fever in children. South Med J 1997; 90:1204-7.
-
80.
Frenck R.W. Jr., Mansour A., Nakhla I., Sultan Y., Putnam S., Wierzba T., et al. Short-course azithromycin for the treatment of uncomplicated typhoid fever in chil- dren and adolescents. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 38:951-7.
-
81.
Mandal S., Mandal M.D., Pal N.K. Synergism of ciprofloxacin and trimethoprim against Salmonella enterica serovar typhi isolates showing reduced usceptibility to ciprofloxacin. Chemotherapy 2004; 50:152-4.
-
82.
Mandal S., Mandal M., Pal N.K. In vitro efficacy of ciprofloxacin alone and in combination with amoxycillin against Salmonella Typhi isolates. Indian J Exp Biol 2003; 41:360-2.
-
83.
Leung D., Venkatesan P., Boswell T., Innes J.A., Wo- od M.J. Treatment of typhoid in pregnancy. Lancet 1995; 346:648.
-
84.
Loebstein R., Addis A., Ho E., Andreou R., Sage S.,Donnenfeld A.E., et al. Pregnancy outcome following gestational exposure to fluoroquinolones: a multicenter prospective controlled study. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1998; 42:1336-9.
-
85.
Ferreccio C., Morris J.G. Jr., Valdivieso C., et al. Efficacy of ciprofloxacin in the treatment of chronic typhoid car- riers. J Infect Dis 1988; 157:1235-9.
-
86.
Gottuzo E., Guerro J.G., Benavente L., et al. Use of nor- floxacin to treat chronic typhoid carriage. J Infect Dis 1998; 157:1221-5.
-
87.
Ivanoff B., Levine M.M., Lambert P.H. Vaccination against typhoid fever: present status. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 1994; 72:957-71.
-
88.
Yang H.H., Kilgore P.E., Yang L.H., Park J.K., Pan Y.F., Kim Y., et al. An outbreak of typhoid fever, Xing-An County, People's Republic of China, 1999: estimation of the field effectiveness of Vi polysaccharide typhoid vac- cine. J Infect Dis 2001; 183:1775-80.
-
89.
Steinberg E.B., Bishop R., Haber P., Dempsey A.F., Hoekstra R.M., Nelson J.M., et al. Typhoid fever in trav- elers: who should be targeted for prevention? Clin Infect Dis 2004; 39:186-91.
-
90.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Health Information for International Travel, 2003-2004. Atlata: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2003.
-
91.
Papadimitropoulos V., Vergidis P.I., Bliziotis I., Fala- gas M.E. Vaccination against typhoid fever in travellers: a cost-effectiveness approach. Clin Microbiol Infect 2004; 10:681-3.
-
92.
Engels E.A., Lau J. Vaccines for preventing typhoid fever. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000(2):CD001261.
-
93.
Begier E.M., Burwen D.R., Haber P., Ball R.; Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System Working Group. Postmarketing safety surveillance for typhoid fever vac- cines from the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System, July 1990 through June 2002. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 38:771-9.
-
94.
Klugman K., Koornhof H.I., Robbins J.B., Le Cam N.N. Immunogenicity, efficacy and serological correlate ofpro- tection of Salmonella Typhi Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccine three years after immunization. Vaccine 1996; 14:435-8.
-
95.
Lin F.Y.C., Ho V.A., Khiem H.B., et al. The efficacy of a Salmonella Typhi Vi conjugate vaccine in two-to-five- year-old children. N Engl J Med 2001; 344:1263-9.