Аннотация
Макролиды являются классом антибиотиков, хорошо изученным и часто применяемым при лечении внебольничных инфекций дыхательных путей (ИДП). Новейшие макролиды - кларитромицин и азитромицин - нередко рассматриваются как препараты выбора или альтернативы, при этом считается, что они превосходят эритромицин по микробиологической активности и клинической эффективности. Данные, полученные in vitro, показывают, что кларитромицин и азитромицин высокоактивны (МПК < 0,5 мг/л) в отношении некоторых возбудителей ИДП. Однако оба препарата обладают природной низкой активностью против Haemophilus influenzae, в то время как у ряда других значимых возбудителей, а именно Streptococcus pneumoniae и Streptococcus pyogenes, наблюдается высокая распространенность приобретенной устойчивости. Во многих странах частота резистентности к кларитромицину и азитромицину продолжает расти вместе с перекрестной резистентностью к эритромицину. Максимальная концентрация кларитромицина и азитромицина в сыворотке меньше МПК90 для H.influenzae и S.pneumoniae. Известно, что концентрация макролидов в тканях значительно превосходит таковую в сыворотке. Однако высокая концентрация в тканях во многом является отражением высокой внутриклеточной концентрации. Уровни кларитромицина и азитромицина во внеклеточной тканевой жидкости, где находятся H.influenzae и стрептококки, соответствуют концентрации в сыворотке и, следовательно, являются недостаточными. Предполагают, что фагоциты направленно доставляют азитромицин к очагам инфекции, но доказательства этой гипотезы не очень убедительны. Данные современного клинического опыта применения кларитромицина и азитромицина согласуются с результатами доклинических исследований и указывают на то, что эти препараты имеют ограниченную эффективность при некоторых ИДП. Кларитромицин и азитромицин являются препаратами выбора в лечении инфекций, вызванных внутриклеточными микроорганизмами, но они не могут более рассматриваться в качестве препаратов выбора при внебольничных ИДП, которые чаще обусловлены H.influenzae и S.pneumoniae. Более того, в регионах с высокой частотой S.pneumoniae, резистентных к антибиотикам, их использование в качестве альтернативных средств также весьма спорно.
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