Aspiration Pneumonia | CMAC

Aspiration Pneumonia

Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2008; 10(3):216-234

​ Avdeev S.N.
aspiration pneumonia anaerobic infections review
Section
Diseases and Pathogens
Type
Journal article
Publication
Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2008; 10(3):216-234

Abstract

Aspiration is defined as accidental entry of oropharyngeal secretions or gastric juice (endogenous substances) or water, food (exogenous substances) into the lower respiratory tract. The clinical response to aspiration is dependent on the interplay between the characteristics of the aspirate and those of the host. Aspiration syndromes are classified into three sets of disorders: (1) aspiration pneumonitis; (2) airway mechanical obstruction caused by foreign bodies; and (3) aspiration pneumonia. Conditions which predispose to aspiration include decreased level of consciousness, neurologic diseases, swallowing disturbance, esophageal diseases, tube feeding, tracheal intubation, poor oral condition, etc. The microbiology of aspiration pneumonia is intimately tied to the predominantly anaerobic flora of the oropharyngeal cavity. The recent reports of a more virulent aerobic pathogen profile in ICU patients however, suggests that such severely ill individuals may have a different bacteriology. Antibiotic therapy should be based on an assessment of the severity of illness, where the infection was acquired (community versus hospital), and the presence or absence of risk factors for gram-negative rod colonization. Therapy options include b-lactam/b-lactamase inhibitor combinations, carbapenem antibiotics, b-lactam antibiotics in combination with clindamycin or metronidazole, moxifloxacin.

  • 1. Marik P.E. Aspiration pneumonitis and aspiration pneumonia. N Engl J Med 2001; 344: 665-71.
  • 2. The committee for the Japanese Respiratory Society guidelines in management of respiratory infections. Aspiration pneumonia. Respirology 2004; 9: S35–S37.
  • 3. Mandell L.A., Wunderink R.G., Anzueto A., et al. Infectious Diseases Society of America/American Thoracic Society consensus guidelines on the management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults. Clin Infect Dis 2007; 44(Suppl.2): S27–S72.
  • 4. American Thoracic Society/Infectious Diseases Society of America. Guidelines for the management of adults with hospital-acquired, ventilator-associated, and healthcareassociated pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005; 171: 388–416.
  • 5. Авдеев С.Н. Аспирационная пневмония Рус Мед Ж 2001; 9: 934-9.
  • 6. Bartlett J.G., Gorbach S.L. The triple threat of aspiration pneumonia. Chest 1975; 68: 560-6.
  • 7. Bartlett J.G. Aspiration pneumonia in adults. UpToDate. Last literature review for version 16.1: 2008.
  • 8. Чучалин А.Г., Синопальников А.И., Страчунский Л.С., и др. Внутрибольничная пневмония у взрослых: практические рекомендации по диагностике, лечению и профилактике. Клин микробиол антимикроб химиотер 2006; 8: 54-86.
  • 9. Jurado R.L., Franco-Paredes C. Aspiration pneumonia: a misnomer. Clin Infect Dis 2001; 33: 1611-2.
  • 10. Hill M.K., Sanders C.V. Anaerobic disease of the lung. Infect Dis Clin North Am 1991; 5: 53–66.
  • 11. Bartlett J.G, Gorbach S.L., Finegold S.M. The bacteriology of aspiration pneumonia. Am J Med 1974; 56: 202-7.
  • 12. Bartlett J.G. Anaerobic bacterial pneumonitis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1979; 119: 19-23.
  • 13. Huxley E.J., Viroslav J., Gray W.R., et al. Pharyngeal aspiration in normal adults and patients with depressed consciousness. Am J Med 1978; 64: 564- 8.
  • 14. Kikuchi R., Watanabe N., Konno T., et al. High incidence of silent aspiration in elderly patients with community acquired pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994; 150: 251-3.
  • 15. Gleeson K., Eggli D.F., Maxwell S.L. Quantitative aspiration during sleep in normal subjects. Chest 1997; 111: 1266-72.
  • 16. Bartlett J.G. Anaerobic bacterial infections of the lung and pleural space. Clin Infect Dis 1993; 16 Suppl 4: 248-55.
  • 17. Cassire H.A., Niederman M.S. Aspiration pneumonia, lipoid pneumonia, and lung abscess. In: Pulmonary diseases. Ed: Baum G.L., Crapo J.D., Celli B.R., Karlinsky J.B. Lippincot-Raven. Philadelphia. New York, 1998: 645-55.
  • 18. Teabeaut J.R. Aspiration of gastric contents: An experimental study. Am J Pathol 1952; 28: 5l-67.
  • 19. Moran T.J. Experimental aspiration pneumonia: inflammatory and reparative changes produced by intratracheal injections of autologous gastric juice and hydrochloric acid. Arch Pathol 1955; 60: 122-9.
  • 20. Marom E.M., McAdams H.P., Erasmus J.J. The many faces of pulmonary aspiration. Am J Roentgenol 1999; 172: 121-8.
  • 21. Matsuse T., Oka T., Kida K., Fukuchi Y. Importance of diffuse aspiration bronchiolitis caused by chronic occult aspiration in the elderly. Chest 1996; 110: 1289-93.
  • 22. Franquet T., Gimenez A., Rosуn N., Torrubia S., Sabate J.M., Perez C. Aspiration diseases: findings, pitfalls, and differential diagnosis. RadioGraphics 2000; 20: 673-85
  • 23. Friedlander L, Fessler MB. A 70-year-old man with migratory pulmonary infiltrates. Chest 2006; 130: 1269-74.
  • 24. Sadoun D., Valeyre D., Cargill J., Volter F., Amouroux J., Battesti J.P. Bronchiolite oblitérante avec pneumonie en voie d’organisation en apparence cryptogénétique: mise en évidence d’un reflux gastro-oesophagien dans 5 cas. Presse Med 1988; 17: 2383-5.
  • 25. Fleming C.M., Shepard J.A.O., Mark E.J. Case 15-2003 - A 47-year-old man with waxing and waning pulmonary nodules five years after treatment for testicular seminoma. N Engl J Med 2003; 348: 2019-27.
  • 26. Cook D.J., Kollef M.H. Risk factors for ICU-acquired pneumonia. JAMA 1998; 279: 1605–6.
  • 27. Marquette C. Airway foreign bodies in adults. UpToDate. Last literature review for version 16.1: 2008.
  • 28. Prass K., Braun J.S., Dirnagl U., et al. Stroke propogates bacterial aspiration to pneumonia in a model of cerebral ischemia. Stroke 2006; 37: 2607-12.
  • 29. Marik P.E., Kaplan D. Aspiration pneumonia and dysphagia in the elderly. Chet 2003; 124: 328-36.
  • 30. Adnet F., Baud F. Relation between Glasgow Coma Scale and aspiration pneumonia. Lancet 1996; 348: 123-4.
  • 31. deBoisblanc B.P. Body position and pneumonia. Crit Care Med 1999; 27: 678-9.
  • 32. Kollef M.H. Ventilator-associated pneumonia: A multivariate analysis. JAMA 1993; 270: 1965-70.
  • 33. Adnet F., Borron S.W., Finot M.A., et al. Relation of body position at the time of discovery with suspected aspiration pneumonia in poisoned comatose patients. Crit Care Med 1999; 27: 745-8.
  • 34. Martin B.J., Corlew M.M. The association of swallowing dysfunction and aspiration pneumonia. Dysphagia 1994; 9: 1-6.
  • 35. Croghan J.E., Burke E.M., Caplan S., et al. Pilot study of 12-month outcomes of nursing home patients with aspiration on videofluoroscopy. Dysphagia 1994; 9: 141-6.
  • 36. Langmore S.E., Terpenning M.S., Schork A., et al. Predictors of aspiration pneumonia: how important is dysphagia? Dysphagia 1998; 13: 69-81.
  • 37. Iverson L.I.G., May I.A., Samson P.C. Pulmonary complications in benign esophageal disease. Am J Surg 1973; 126: 223-8.
  • 38. McArthur M.S. Pulmonary complications of benign esophageal diseases. Am J Surg 1986; 151: 296-9.
  • 39. Marumo K., Homma S., Fukuchi Y. Postgastrectomy aspiration pneumonia. Chest 1995; 107: 453-6.
  • 40. Dotson R.G., Robinson R.G., Pingleton S.K. Gastroesophageal reflux with nasogastric tubes: effect of nasogastric tube size. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994; 149: 1659-62.
  • 41. Jones B., Ravich W.J., Donner M.W., Kramer S.S. Pharyngo-esophageal interrelationships: observations and working concepts. Gastroenterol Radiol 1985; 10: 225-33.
  • 42. Sivit C.J., Curtis D.J., Crain M., Cruess D.F, Winters C. Pharyngeal swallow in gastroesophageal reflux disease. Dysphagia 1988; 2: 151-5.
  • 43. Cook D.J., Reeve B.K., Guyatt G.H., et al. Stress ulcer prophylaxis in critically ill patients: resolving discordant meta-analyses. JAMA 1996; 275: 308-14.
  • 44. Finucane T.E., Christmas C., Travis K. Tube feeding in patients with advanced dementia: a review of the evidence. JAMA 1999; 282:1365-70.
  • 45. Metheny N.A., Clouse R.E., Chang Y.H., et al. Tracheobronchial aspiration of gastric contents in critically ill tube-fed patients: frequency, outcomes and risk factors. Crit Care Med 2006; 34: 1007-15.
  • 46. Metheny N.A. Strategies to prevent aspiration-related pneumonia in tube-fed patients. Respir Care Clin 2006; 12: 603–17.
  • 47. Ibanez J., Penafiel A., Raurich J.M., et al. Gastroesophageal reflux in intubated patients receiving enteral nutrition: effect of supine and semirecumbent positions. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1992; 16: 419–22.
  • 48. Elpern E.H., Scott M.G., Petro L., et al. Pulmonary aspiration in mechanically ventilated patients with tracheostomies. Chest 1994; 105: 563- 66.
  • 49. Rello J., Sonora R., Jubert P., et al. Pneumonia in intubated patients: role of respiratory airway care. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996; 154: 111–5.
  • 50. Stewart S.L., Secrest J.A., Norwood B.R., et al. A comparison of endotracheal tube cuff pressures using estimation techniques and direct intracuff measurement. AANA J; 2003; 71: 443–7.
  • 51. Keller C., Brimacombe J., Bittersohl J., Lirk P., von Goedecke A. Aspiration and the laryngeal mask airway: three cases and a review of the literature. Br J Anaesth 2004; 93: 579–82.
  • 52. Sreebny L.M., Valdini A. Xerostomia: a neglected symptom. Arch Intern Med 1987; 147: 1333-7.
  • 53. Terpenning M., Bretz W., Lopatin D., et al. Bacterial colonization of saliva and plaque in the elderly. Clin Inf Dis 1993; 16: S314-6.
  • 54. Guggenheimer J., Moore P.A. Xerostomia: etiology, recognition and treatment. J Am Dent Assoc 2003; 134: 61- 9.
  • 55. Finegold S.M. Host factors predisposing to anaerobic infections. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 1993; 6: 159- 63.
  • 56. Fernandez-Sola J., Junque A., Estruch R., Monforte R., Torres A., Urbano-Marquez A. High alcohol intake as a risk and prognostic factor for community-acquired pneumonia. Arch Intern Med 1995; 155: 1649-54.
  • 57. Kidd D., Lawson J., Nesbitt R., et al. Aspiration in acute stroke: A clinical study with videofluoroscopy. Q J Med 1993; 86: 825-9.
  • 58. Marrie T.J., Durant H., Yates L. Community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization: 5-year prospective study. Rev Infect Dis 1989; 11: 586-99.
  • 59. Torres A., Serra-Batlles J., Ferrer A., et al. Severe community-acquired pneumonia: etiology, epidemiology and prognostic factors. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991; 144: 312-8.
  • 60. Moine P., Vercken J.P., Chevret S., et al. Severe community-acquired pneumonia: etiology, epidemiology and prognostic factors. Chest 1994; 105:1487-95.
  • 61. Shigemitsu H., Afshar K. Aspiration pneumonias: underdiagnosed and under-treated. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2007; 13: 192-8.
  • 62. Shariatzadeh M.R., Huang J.Q., Marrie T.J. Differences in the features of aspiration pneumonia according to site of acquisition: community or continuing care facility. J Am Geriatr Soc 2006; 54: 296-302.
  • 63. Leroy O., Vandenbussche C., Coffinier C., et al. Community-acquired aspiration pneumonia in intensive care units. Epidemiological and prognosis data. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997; 156: 1922-29.
  • 64. El-Solh A., Celestino P., Bhat A., et al. Microbiology of severe aspiration pneumonia in institutionalized elderly. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003; 167: 1650-4.
  • 65. Kozlow J.H., Berenholtz S.M., Garrett E., Dorman T., Pronovost P.J. Epidemiology and impact of aspiration pneumonia in patients undergoing surgery in Maryland, 1999–2000. Crit Care Med 2003; 31: 1930-7.
  • 66. Pennza P.T. Aspiration pneumonia, necrotizing pneumonia, and lung abscess. Emerg Med Clin North Am 1989; 7: 279-307.
  • 67. Sa-Borges M., Rello J. Aspiration pneumonia. In: Community aquered pneumonia. Ed. Marrie TJ. Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers, New York, 2001: 239-55.
  • 68. Sahakian G., Perruche F., Dabreteau A., et al. Aspiration pneumonitis and Newton’s law of gravitation. Amer J Emerg Med 2007; 25: 987.e1-987.2.
  • 69. Bartlett J.G. Anaerobic bacterial pneumonitis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1979; 119: 19-23.
  • 70. Finegold S.M. Aspiration pneumonia. Rev Infect Dis 1991; 13 Suppl 9: S737-42.
  • 71. Sosenko A., Glassroth J. Fiberoptic bronchoscopy in the evaluation of lung abscess. Chest 1985; 87: 489–494.
  • 72. Stewart C.E., Winer-Muram H.T., Jennings S.G., et al. Necrotic mass-like upper lobe opacity. Chest 2003; 123: 277-9.
  • 73. Allewelt M., Schuler P., Bolcskei P.L., et al. Ampicillin + sulbactam vs. clindamycin ± cephalosporin for the treatment of aspiration pneumonia and primary lung abscess. Clin Microbiol Infect 2004; 10: 163-70.
  • 74. Hirshberg B., Sklair-Levi M., Nir-Paz R., Ben-Sira L., Krivoruk V., Kramer M.R. Factors predicting mortality of patients with lung abscess. Chest 1999; 115: 746-50.
  • 75. Bartlett J., Gorbach S., Tally F., Finegold S. Bacteriology and treatment of primary lung abscess. Am Rev Respir Dis 1974; 109: 510-7.
  • 76. Cesar L, Gonzalez C, Calia FM. Bacteriologic flora of aspiration-induced pulmonary infections. Arch Intern Med 1975; 135: 711-714.
  • 77. Hammond JMJ, Potgieter PD, Hanslo D, Scott H, Roditi D. The etiology and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of microorganisms in acute community-acquired lung abscess. Chest 1995; 108: 937-941.
  • 78. Lorber B., Swenson R.M. Bacteriology of aspiration pneumonia. Ann Intern Med 1974; 81: 329-31.
  • 79. Shah H.N., Collins M.D. Proposal for reclassification of Bacteroides asaccharolyticus, Bacteroides gingivalis, and Bacteroides endodontalis in a new genus, Porphyromonas. Int J Syst Bacteriol 1988; 38: 128-31.
  • 80. Shah H.N., Collins M.D. Prevotella, a new genus to include Bacteroides melaninogenicus and related species formerly classified in the genus Bacteroides. Int J Syst Bacteriol 1990; 40: 205-8.
  • 81. De A, Varaiya A., Mathur M. Anaerobes in pleuropulmonary infections. Ind J Clin Microbiol 2002; 20: 150-2.
  • 82. Bartlett J.G. The Role of anaerobic bacteria in lung abscess. Clin Infect Dis 2005; 40: 923–5.
  • 83. Dore P., Robert R., Grollier G., et al. Incidence of anaerobes in ventilator-associated pneumonia with use of a protected specimen brush. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996; 153: 1292-8.
  • 84. Verma P. Laboratory diagnosis of anaerobic pleuropulmonary infections. Semin Respir Infect 2000; 15: 114-8.
  • 85. Marina M., Strong C.A., Civen R., Molitoris E., Finegold S.M. Bacteriology of anaerobic pleuropulmonary infections: preliminary report. Clin Infect Dis 1993; 16 Suppl 4: S256-62.
  • 86. Wimberley N., Faling J., Barlett J.G. A fiberoptic bronchoscopy technique to obtain uncontaminated lower airway secretions for bacterial culture. Am Rev Respir Dis 1979; 119: 337-43.
  • 87. Chastre J., Viau F., Brun P., et al. Prospective evaluation of the protected specimen brush for the diagnosis of pulmonary infections in ventilated patients. Am Rev Respir Dis 1984; 130: 924-9.
  • 88. Henriquez A.H., Mendoza J., Gonzalez P.C. Quantitative culture of bronchoalveolar lavage from patients with anaerobic lung abscesses. J Infect Dis 1991; 164: 414-7.
  • 89. Pena-Grinan N., Munoz-Lucena F., Vargas-Romero J., et al. Yield of percutaneous needle lung aspiration in lung abscess. Chest 1990; 97: 69-74.
  • 90. Yang P.C., Luh K.T., Lee Y.C., Chang D.B., Yu C.J., Wu H.D., Lee L.N., Kuo S.H. Lung abscesses: ultrasound (US) examination and US-guided transthoracic aspiration. Radiology 1991; 180: 171-5.
  • 91. Wang J.-L., Chen K.-Y., Fang C.-T., et al. Changing bacteriology of adult community-acquired lung abscess in Taiwan: Klebsiella pneumoniae versus anaerobes. Clin Infect Dis 2005; 40: 915-22.
  • 92. Robert R., Grollier G., Hira M., Dore P. A role for anaerobic bacteria in patients with ventilatory acquired pneumonia: yes or no? Chest 2000; 117: 1214-5.
  • 93. Mier L., Dreyfuss D., Darchy B., et al. Is penicillin G an adequate initial treatment for aspiration pneumonia? A prospective evaluation using a protected specimen brush and quantitative cultures. Intensive Care Med 1993; 19: 279-84.
  • 94. Marik P.E., Careau P. The role of anaerobes in patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia and aspiration pneumonia: a prospective study. Chest 1999; 115: 178- 83.
  • 95. Atherton S.T., White D.J. Stomach as a source of bacteria colonizing respiratory tract during artificial ventilation. Lancet 1978; 2: 968-9.
  • 96. Rouby J.J., Laurent P., Gosnach M., et al. Risk factors and clinical relevance of nosocomial maxillary sinusitis in the critically ill. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994; 150: 776-83.
  • 97. Muder R.R. Pneumonia in residents of long-term care facilities: epidemiology, etiology, management, and prevention. Am J Med 1998; 105: 319-30.
  • 98. Vergis E.N., Brennen C., Wagener M., Muder R.R. Pneumonia in long-term care: a prospective case-control study of risk factors and impact on survival. Arch Intern Med 2001; 161: 2378-81.
  • 99. Bartlett J.G. Bacteriology of hospital-acquired pneumonia. Arch Intern Med 1986; 146: 868-71.
  • 100. Robert R., Grollier G., Dore P., Hira M., Ferrand E., Fauchere J.L. Nosocomial pneumonia with isolation of anaerobic bacteria in ICU patients: therapeutic considerations and outcome. J Crit Care 1999; 14: 114-9.
  • 101. Grollier G., Dore P., Robert R., Ingrand P., Grejon C., Fauchere J.L. Antibody response to Prevotella spp. in patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 1996; 3: 61-5.
  • 102. Robert R., Nanadoumgar H., Grollier G., et al. Protected telescopic catheter also allows anaerobic bacteria isolation in patients with ventilatory-acquired pneumonia. Intensive Care Med 2006; 32: 322-4.
  • 103. Brun-Buisson C., Sollet J.P., Schweich H., et al. Treatment of ventilator-associated pneumonia with piperacillin-tazobactam/amikacin versus ceftazidime/amikacin: a multicenter, randomized controlled trial. VAP Study Group. Clin Infect Dis 1998; 26: 346-54.
  • 104. Bartlett J.G., Gorbach S.L. Treatment of aspiration pneumonia and primary lung abscess. Penicillin G vs clindamycin. JAMA 1975; 234: 935-7.
  • 105. Lynch III J.P. Bacterial pneumonia. In: Pulmonary disease diagnosis and therapy. A practical approach. Khan MG, Lynch III JP (Ed). Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, 1997: 297-374.
  • 106. Галкин Д.В., Кречикова О.И., Сухорукова М.В., Дехнич А.В. Современные возможности терапии анаэробных инфекций. Клин микробиол антимикроб химиотер 2006; 8: 298-313.
  • 107. Eykyn S.J. Therapeutic use of metronidazole in aerobic infections: six years’ experience in a London hospital. Surgery 1983; 141: 1424-7.
  • 108. Bartlett J.G. Treatment of anaerobic pulmonary infections. J Antimicrob Chemother 1989; 24: 836-40.
  • 109. Sanders C.V., Hanna B.J., Lewis A.C. Metronidazole in the treatment of anaerobic infections. Am Rev Respir Dis 1979; 120: 337-43.
  • 110. Perlino C.A. Metronidazole vs clindamycin treatment of anaerobic pulmonary infections: failure of metronidazole therapy. Arch Intern Med 1981; 141: 1427-1427.
  • 111. The committee for The Japanese Respiratory Society guidelines in management of respiratory infections. Diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of aspiration pneumonia (excluding large-volume aspiration). Respirology 2006; 11(Suppl.3): S117–S8.
  • 112. Dubreuil L. Anaerobies stricts: bilan de sensibilite a l’associatuion amoxicilline-acide clavulanique. Etat de resistance aux antibiotiques. La Lettre de l’Infectiologue 1995; (HS Fevrier): 13-9.
  • 113. Germaud P., Poirier J., Jacqueme P., et al. Monotherapie par amoxicilline/acide clavulanique (AM-AC) en traitement de premiere intention dans les abces pulmonaires communautaires. A propos de 57 cas. Rev Pneumol Clin 1993; 49: 137-41.
  • 114. Fernandez-Sabe N., Carratala J., Dorca J., et al. Efficacy and safety of sequential amoxicillin/clavulanate in the treatment of anaerobic lung infections. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2003; 22: 185–7.
  • 115. Marshall S.A., Aldridge K.E., Allen S.D., Fuchs P.C., Gerlach E.H., Jones R.N. Comparative antimicrobial activity of piperacillin-tazobactam tested against more than 5000 recent clinical isolates from five medical centers. A reevaluation after five years. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 1995; 21: 153-68.
  • 116. Munoz P., Garcia-Garrote F., Bouza E. Broad-spectrum b-lactam antibiotics with b-lactamase inhibitors. Int J Antimicrob Agents 1996; 7(suppl): S9-S14.
  • 117. Acuna C., Rabasseda X. Amoxicillin-sulbactam: a clinical and therapeutic review. Drugs Today 2001; 37: 193-210.
  • 118. Perry C.M., Markham A. Piperacillin/tazobactam: an updated review of its use in the treatment of bacterial infections. Drugs 1999; 57: 805-43.
  • 119. Lee N.L.S., Yuen K.Y., Kumana C.R. B-lactam antibiotic and b-lactamase inhibitor combinations. JAMA 2001; 285: 386-8.
  • 120. Williams J.D. Beta-lactamase inhibition and in vitro activity of sulbactam and sulbactam/cefoperazone. Clin Infect Dis 1997; 24: 494–97.
  • 121. Levinson M., Mangura C., Lorber B., et al. Clindamycin compared with penicillin for the treatment of lung abscess. Ann Intern Med 1983; 98: 466-71.
  • 122. Gudiol F., Manresa F., Pallares R., et al. Clindamycin vs penicillin for anaerobic lung infections: high rate of penicillin failures associated with penicillin-resistant Bacteroides melaninogenicus. Arch Intern Med 1990; 150: 2525-9.
  • 123. Kadowaki M., Demura Y., Mizuno S., et al. Reappraisal of clindamycin iv monotherapy for treaetment of mildto-moderate aspiration pneumonia in elderly patients. Chest 2005; 127:1276-82.
  • 124. Pfaller M.A., Jones R.N. A review of the in vitro activity of meropenem and comparative antimicrobial agents tested against 30.254 aerobic and anaerobic pathogens isolated world wide. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 1997; 28: 157-63.
  • 125. Grollier G. Sensibilite aux antibiotiques des anaerobies stricts en France: etude multicentrique. Path Biol 1994; 42: 498-504.
  • 126. Wexler H.M., Molitoris D., Finegold S.M. In vitro activities of MK-826 (L-749,345) against 363 strains of anaerobic bacteria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000; 44: 2222-4.
  • 127. Livermore D.M., Carter M.W., Bagel S., et al. In vitro activities of ertapenem (MK-0826) against recent clinical bacteria collected in Europe and Australia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001; 45: 1860–7.
  • 128. Fuchs P.C., Barry A.L., Brown S.D. In vitro activities of ertapenem (MK-0826) against clinical bacterial isolates from 11 North American medical centers. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001; 45: 1915–8.
  • 129. Kikuchi N., Onozaki I., Kohno N., et al. Clinical evaluation of therapy for aspiration pneumonia with imipenem/ cilastatin sodium. Jpn J Antibiot 1990; 43: 23-30.
  • 130. Teng L.-J., Hsueh P.-R., Tsai J.-C., et al. High incidence of cefoxitin and clindamycin resistance among anaerobes in Taiwan. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002; 46: 2908–13.
  • 131. Goldstein E.C., Citron D.M., Merriam C.V., Warren Y.A. Comparative in vitro susceptibilities of 396 unusual anaerobic strains to tigecycline and eight other antimicrobial agents. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006; 50: 3507-13.
  • 132. Ackermann G., Schaumann R., Pless B., Claros M.C., Goldstein E.J.C., Rodloff A.C. Comparative activity of moxifloxacin in vitro against obligately anaerobic bacteria Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2000; 19: 228-32.
  • 133. Wexler H.M., Molitoris E., Molitoris D., Finegold S.M. In viro activity of moxifloxacin against anaerobic bacteria isolated from pulmonary specimens. Proceeding of ICAAC 1998: E211.
  • 134. Nord C.E., Edlund C. Susceptibility of anaerobic bacteria to BAY 12-8039, a new methoxyquinolone. Proceeding of ECCMID 1997: P1157.
  • 135. Polenakovik H., Burdette S.D., Polenakovik S. Moxifloxacin is efficacious for treatment of communityacquired lung abscesses in adults. Infect Dis 2005; 41: 764-5.
  • 136. Ott S.R., Allewelt M., Lorenz J., Reimnitz P., Lode H; and The German Lung Abscess Study Group. Moxifloxacin vs ampicillin/sulbactam in aspiration pneumonia and primary lung abscess. Infection 2008; 36: 23-30.
  • 137. Pujol M., Corbella X., Pena C. et al. Clinical and epidemiological findings in mechanically-ventilated patients with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1998; 17: 622-8.
  • 138. Peacock S.J., Garrard C.S. Ventilator-associated Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia. Intensivmed 1998; 35: 316-24.
  • 139. Connors J.P., Roper C.L., Ferguson T.B. Transbronchial catheterization of pulmonary abscess. Ann Thorac Surg 1975; 19: 254–60.
  • 140. Rowe L.D., Keane W.M., Jafek B.W., et al. Transbronchial drainage of pulmonary abscesses with the flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope. Laryngoscope 1979; 89: 122–8.
  • 141. Schmitt G.S., Ohar J.M., Kanter K.R., et al. Indwelling transbronchial catheter drainage of pulmonary abscess. Ann Thorac Surg 1988; 45: 43-7.
  • 142. Herth F., Ernst A., Becker H.D. Endoscopic drainage of lung abscesses: technique and outcome. Chest 2005; 127: 1378-81.
  • 143. Haggan J.L., Hardy J.D. Lung abscess revisited. A survey of 184 cases. Ann Surg 1983; 197: 755-61.
  • 144. Potgieter P.D., Hammond J.M., Musson G., Odell J. Surgical drainage of lung abscess complicating acute community-acquired pneumonia. Chest 1991; 99: 1280-2.
  • 145. Yellin A., Yellin E.O., Lieberman Y. Percutaneous tube drainage: the treatment of choice for refractory lung abscess. Ann Thorac Surg 1985; 39: 266-70.
  • 146. VanSonnenberg E., D’Agostino H.B., Casola G., et al. Lung abscess: CT-guided drainage. Radiology 1991; 178: 347-51.
  • 147. Wali S.O., Shugaeri A., Samman Y.S., et al. Percutaneous drainage of pyogenic lung abscess. Scand J Infect Dis 2002; 34: 673-9.
  • 148. Cassina P.C., Hauser M., Hillejan L., Greschuchna D., Stamatis G. Video-assisted thoracoscopy in the treatment of pleural empyema: stage-based management and outcome. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1999; 117: 234-8.
  • 149. Villena V., Lopez-Encuentra A., Pozo F., De-Pablo A., Martin-Escribano P. Measurement of pleural pressure during therapeutic thoracentesis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 162: 1534-8.
  • 150. Schiza S.E., Siafakas N.M. Clinical presentation and management of empyema, lung abscess and pleural effusion. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2006; 12: 205-11.
Views
0 Abstract
0 PDF
0 Crossref citations
Shared