Аннотация
В статье рассматриваются современные зарубежные рекомендации по ведению пациентов с острым тонзиллофарингитом (ОТФ), а также практически важные аспекты лечения пациентов с учётом российских особенностей антибиотикорезистентности Streptococcus pyogenes и возможных причин неэффективности пенициллина при БГСА-тонзиллофарингите. Обсуждается необходимость повышения комплаентности пациентов к назначенной терапии и значение «атипичных» возбудителей при ОТФ. Представлены данные, позволяющие определить рациональную диагностическую тактику у пациентов с ОТФ, а также обосновать оптимальные режимы терапии БГСА-тонзиллофарингита короткими курсами азитромицина у детей и взрослых пациентов.
-
1.
Pichichero ME. Group A streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis: cost-effective diagnosis and treatment. Ann Emerg Med. 1995; 25 (3):390-403.
-
2.
Chiappini E, Regoli M, Bonsignori F, Sollai S, Parretti A, Galli L, de Martino M. Analysis of different recommendations from international guidelines for the management of acute pharyngitis in adults and children. Clin Ther. 2011; 33 (1):48-58.
-
3.
Pelucchi C, Grigoryan L, Galeone C, Esposito S, Huovinen P, Little P, et al. ESCMID Guideline for the management of acute sore throat. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2012; 18 (Suppl 1):1-28.
-
4.
Shulman ST, Bisno AL, Clegg HW, Gerber MA, Kaplan EL, Lee G, et al. Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and management of group A streptococcal pharyngitis: 2012 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2012; 55 (10):e86-102.
-
5.
Gerber M.A., Baltimore R.S., Eaton C.B., et al. Prevention of rheumatic fever and diagnosis and treatment of acute streptococcal pharyngitis: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease Committee of the Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, the Interdisciplinary Council on Functional Genomics and Translational Biology, and the Interdisciplinary Council on Quality of Care and Outcomes Research: Endorsed by the American Academy of Pediatrics. Circulation. 2009; 119:1541-51.
-
6.
American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Infectious Diseases. Red Book: Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. 28th ed. Elk Grove Village, Ill: American Academy of Pediatrics; 2009.
-
7.
Esposito S, Blasi F, Bosis S, Droghetti R, Faelli N, Lastrico A, Principi N. Aetiology of acute pharyngitis: the role of atypical bacteria. J Med Microbiol. 2004; 53 (Pt 7):645-51.
-
8.
Азовскова О.В., Иванчик Н.В., Дехнич А.В., Кречикова О.И., Козлов Р.С., исследовательская группа «ПеГАС». Динамика антибиотикорезистентности респираторных штаммов Streptococcus pyogenes в России за период 1999–2009 гг. Клиническая Микробиология и Антимикробная Химиотерапия. 2012; 14 (4):309-21.
-
9.
Feng L, Lin H, Ma Y, Yang Y, Zheng Y, Fu Z, et al. Macrolide-resistant Streptococcus pyogenes from Chinese pediatric patients in association with Tn916 transposons family over a 16-year period. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2010; 67 (4):369-75.
-
10.
Koh E, Kim S. Decline in erythromycin resistance in group A streptococci from acute pharyngitis due to changes in the emm Genotypes rather than restriction of antibiotic use. Korean J Lab Med. 2010; 30 (5):485-90.
-
11.
Katz KC, McGeer AJ, Duncan CL, Ashi-Sulaiman A, Willey BM, Sarabia A, et al. Emergence of macrolide resistance in throat culture isolates of group A streptococci in Ontario, Canada, in 2001. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2003; 47:2370-72.
-
12.
Martin JM, Green M, Barbadora KA, Wald ER. Erythromycin-resistant group A streptococci in schoolchildren in Pittsburgh. N Engl J Med. 2002; 346:1200-06.
-
13.
Robinson DA, Sutcliffe JA, Tewodros W, Manoharan A, Bessen DE. Evolution and global dissemination of macrolide-resistant group A streptococci. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2006; 50 (9):2903-11.
-
14.
Leclercq R, Сourvalin P. Bacterial resistance to macrolide, lincosamide, and streptogramin antibiotics by target modification. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1991; 35:1267–72.
-
15.
Giovanetti E, Montanari MP, Mingoia M, Varaldo PE. Phenotypes and genotypes of erythromycinresistant Streptococcus pyogenes strains in Italy and heterogeneity of inducibly resistant strains. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1999; 43 (8):1935-40.
-
16.
Sutcliffe J, Tait-Kamradt A, Wondrack L. Streptococcus pneumoniae and Streptococcus pyogenes resistant to macrolides but sensitive to clindamycin: a common resistance pattern mediated by an efflux system. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1996; 40:1817–24.
-
17.
Grivea IN, Al-Lahham A, Katopodis GD, Syrogiannopoulos GA, Reinert RR. Resistance to erythromycin and telithromycin in Streptococcus pyogenes isolates obtained between 1999 and 2002 from Greek children with tonsillopharyngitis: phenotypic and genotypic analysis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2006; 50:256-61.
-
18.
Pavlovic L, Grego E, Sipetic-Grujicic S. Prevalence of macrolide resistance in Streptococcus pyogenes collected in Serbia. Jpn J Infect Dis. 2010; 63 (4):275-6.
-
19.
Bley C, van der Linden M, Reinert RR. mef(A) is the predominant macrolide resistance determinant in Streptococcus pneumoniae and Streptococcus pyogenes in Germany. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2011; 37 (5):425-31.
-
20.
Montagnani F, Stolzuoli L, Croci L, Rizzuti C, Arena F, Zanchi A, Cellesi C. Erythromycin resistance in Streptococcus pyogenes and macrolide consumption in a central Italian region. Infection. 2009; 37:353-357.
-
21.
Zavadska D, Bērziņa D, Drukaļska L, Pugacova N, Miklasevics E, Gardovska D. Macrolide resistance in group A beta haemolytic streptococcus isolated from outpatient children in Latvia. APMIS. 2010; 118 (5):366-70.
-
22.
Meisal R, Andreasson IK, Høiby EA, Aaberge IS, Michaelsen TE, Caugant DA. Streptococcus pyogenes isolates causing severe infections in Norway in 2006 to 2007: emm types, multilocus sequence types, and superantigen profiles. J Clin Microbiol. 2010; 48 (3):842-51.
-
23.
Richter SS, Heilmann KP, Beekmann SE, Miller NJ, Miller AL, Rice CL, et al. Macrolide-resistant Streptococcus pyogenes in the United States, 2002-2003. Clin Infect Dis. 2005; 41:599-608.
-
24.
Сидоренко С.В., Грудинина С.А., Филимонова О.Ю., Столярова Л.Г., Савинова Т.А. Резистентность к макролидам и линкозамидам среди Streptococcus pneumoniae и Streptococcus pyogenes в Российской Федерации. Клин фармакол тер. 2008; 17 (2):28-32.
-
25.
Применение антибиотиков у детей в амбулаторной практике. Методические рекомендации (под ред. А.А. Баранова и Л.С. Страчунского). Клиническая Микробиология и Антимикробная Химиотерапия. 2007; 9(3):200-10.
-
26.
Centor RM, Witherspoon JM, Dalton HP, et al. The diagnosis of strep throat in adults in the emergency room. Med Decis Making. 1981; 1 (3):239-46.
-
27.
Cohen S., Centor R. Diagnosis and management of adults with pharyngitis. Ann Intern Med. 2004 May 4;140(9):763.
-
28.
Fine AM, Nizet V, Mandl KD. Large-scale validation of the Centor and McIsaac scores to predict group A streptococcal pharyngitis. Arch Intern Med. 2012; 172 (11):847-52.
-
29.
Are antibiotics still “automatic” in France? Bull World Health Organ 2011; 89:8-9.
-
30.
Эпидемиологический надзор и профилактика стрептококковой (группы А) инфекции. Методические указания. МУ 3.1.1885-04 (утв. Главным государственным санитарным врачом РФ 04.03.2004).
-
31.
Приказ Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации № 36 от 03.02.97 «О совершенствовании мероприятий по профилактике дифтерии».
-
32.
Bisno AL, Gerber MA, Gwaltney JM, et al. Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of group A streptococcal pharyngitis. Clin Infect Dis. 2002; 35:113-25.
-
33.
Feder HM Jr, Gerber MA, Randolph MF, Stelmach PS, Kaplan EL. Once-daily therapy for streptococcal pharyngitis with amoxicillin. Pediatrics. 1999; 103 (1):47-51.
-
34.
Lennon DR, Farrell E, Martin DR, Stewart JM. Oncedaily amoxicillin versus twice-daily penicillin V in group A beta-haemolytic streptococcal pharyngitis. Arch Dis Child. 2008; 93 (6):474-8.
-
35.
Armengol CE, Hendley JO. Occurrence of group A β-hemolytic streptococcal pharyngitis in the four months after treatment of an index episode with amoxicillin once-daily or twice-daily or with cephalexin. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2012; 31 (11):1124-7.
-
36.
Andrews M, Condren M. Once-daily amoxicillin for pharyngitis. J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther. 2010; 15 (4):244-8.
-
37.
Козлов С.Н., Страчунский Л.С., Рачина С.А., Дмитренок О.В. и др. Фармакотерапия острого тонзиллофарингита в амбулаторной практике: результаты многоцентрового фармакоэпидемиологического исследования. Тер архив. 2004; 5:45–51.
-
38.
Kaplan EL, Johnson DR. Unexplained reduced microbiological efficacy of intramuscular benzathine penicillin G and of oral penicillin V in eradication of group a streptococci from children with acute pharyngitis. Pediatrics. 2001; 8:1180-6.
-
39.
Ovetchkine P, Levy C, de la Rocque F, et al. Variables influencing bacteriological outcome in patients with streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis treated with penicillin V. Eur J Pediatr. 2002:161:365-7.
-
40.
Pichichero ME, Casey JR, Mayes T, et al. Penicillin failure in streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis: causes and remedies. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2000; 19:917-23.
-
41.
Pichichero ME, Casey JR. Systematic review of factors contributing to penicillin treatment failure in Streptococcus pyogenes pharyngitis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2007; 137(6):851-7.
-
42.
Urquhart J. Ascertaining how much compliance is enough with outpatient antibiotic regimens. Postgrad Med J. 1992; 68 Suppl 3:S49-58.
-
43.
Gil VF, Payá MA, Asensio MA, Torres MT, Pastor R, Merino J. Med Clin (Barc). Non-compliance of the treatment with antibiotics in non-severe acute infections.1999; 112 (19):731-3.
-
44.
Llor C, Hernández S, Bayona C, Moragas A, Sierra N, Hernández M, Miravitlles M. A study of adherence to antibiotic treatment in ambulatory respiratory infections. Int J Infect Dis. 2013; 17 (3):e168-72.
-
45.
Branthwaite A, Pechère JC. Pan-European survey of patients’ attitudes to antibiotics and antibiotic use. J Int Med Res. 1996; 24 (3):229-38.
-
46.
Yamamoto Y, Kadota J, Watanabe A, et al. Compliance with oral antibiotic regimens and associated factors in Japan: compliance survey of multiple oral antibiotics (COSMOS). Scand J Infect Dis. 2012; 44 (2):93-9.
-
47.
Kardas P. Patient compliance with antibiotic treatment for respiratory tract infections. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2002; 49 (6):897-903.
-
48.
Bergman AB, Werner RJ. Failure of children to receive penicillin by mouth. N Engl J Med. 1963; 268:1334-8.
-
49.
Claxton AJ, Cramer J, Pierce C. A systematic review of the associations between dose regimens and medication compliance. Clin Ther. 2001; 23 (8):1296-310.
-
50.
Altamimi S., Khalil A., Khalaiwi K.A., et al. Short versus standard duration antibiotic therapy for acute streptococcal pharyngitis in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009; (1):CD004872.
-
51.
Casey JR, Pichichero ME. Higher dosages of azithromycin are more effective in treatment of group A streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis. Clin Infect Dis. 2005; 40 (12):1748-55.
-
52.
ZITHROMAX® (azithromycin tablets and azithromycin for oral suspension). USP drug information, январь 2009 г.
-
53.
Kaplan EL, Chhatwal GS, Rohde M. Reduced ability of penicillin to eradicate ingested group A streptococci from epithelial cells: Clinical and pathogenetic implications. Clin Infect Dis. 2006; 43(11):1398-406.
-
54.
Esposito S, Bosis S, Begliatti E, et al. Acute tonsillopharyngitis associated with atypical bacterial infection in children: natural history and impact of macrolide therapy. Clin Infect Dis. 2006; 43 (2):206-9.
-
55.
Esposito S, Marchisio P, Capaccio P, et al. Role of atypical bacteria in children undergoing tonsillectomy because of severely recurrent acute tonsillopharyngitis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2008; 27 (12):1233-7.
-
56.
Piacentini GL, Peroni DG, Blasi F, et al. Atypical bacteria in adenoids and tonsils of children requiring adenotonsillectomy. Acta Otolaryngol. 2010; 130 (5):620-5.