Аннотация
Представлен обзор современных подходов к этиологической диагностике, лечению и ведению больных с энцефалитами с позиции доказательной медицины. В основу обзора легли опубликованные результаты исследований в данной области, в том числе последние рекомендации Американского общества инфекционных болезней. Описаны критерии определения понятия энцефалита, клинико-эпидемиологические особенности заболевания, вызванного различными возбудителями, подходы к лабораторно-инструментальной диагностике и специфической терапии в зависимости от предполагаемой и подтвержденной этиологии патологического процесса.
-
1.
Johnson R.T. Acute encephalitis. Clin Infect Dis 1996; 23:219–24.
-
2.
Tunkel A.R., Glaser C.A., Bloch K.C., et al. The management of encephalitis: Clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 2008; 47:303-27.
-
3.
Turner G., Scaravilli F. Parasitic and fungal diseases. In: Graham D.I., Lantos P.L., eds.: Greenfield’s Neuropathology, Seventh Edition. New York: Arnold, 2002; Vol. II, 107-51.
-
4.
Kennedy P.G. Viral encephalitis: causes, differential diagnosis, and management. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2004; 75:i10.
-
5.
Melnick J.L. Current status of poliovirus infections. Clinical Microbiol Rev 1996; 9(3):293-300.
-
6.
Portegies P., Solod L., Cique P., et al. Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of neurological complications of HIV infections. Eur J Neurol 2004; 11(5):297-304.
-
7.
Maschke M., Kastrup O., Forsting M., Diener H.C. Update of neuroimaging in infectious central nervous system disease. Curr Opin Neurol 2004; 17:475–80.
-
8.
Kapoor H., Signs K., Somsel P., et al. Persistence of West Nile Virus (WNV) IgM antibodies in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with CNS disease. J Clin Virol 2004; 31(4):289-91.
-
9.
Tyler K.L: Herpes simplex virus infections of the central nervous system: Encephalitis and meningitis, including Mollaret’s. Herpes 2004; 11(Suppl 2):57A-64A.
-
10.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Diagnosis and management of tickborne riskettsial diseases: Rocky Mountain spotted fever, ehrlichiosis, and anaplasmosis— United States: a practical guide for physicians and other health-care and public health professionals. MMWR Recomm Rep 2006; 55(RR-4):1–29.
-
11.
Tunkel A.R., Hartman B.J., Kaplan S.L., et al. Practice guidelines for the management of bacterial meningitis. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 39:1267–84.
-
12.
Straub J., Chofflon M., Delavelle J. Early high-dose intravenous methyl prednosolone in acute disseminated encephalomyelitis: A successful recovery. Neurology 1997; 49:1145-7.
-
13.
Keegan M., Pineda A.A., McClelland R.L., et al. Plasma exchange for severe attacks of CNS demyelination: predictors of response. Neurology 2002; 58:143-6.
-
14.
Enterovirus Surveillance – United States, 1970-2005. MMWR 2006; 55(SS 8).
-
15.
Fowlkes A.L., Honarmand S., Glaser C., et al. Enterovirus-associated encephalitis in the California Encephalitis Project, 1998-2005. J Infect Dis 2008; 198:1685-91.
-
16.
Ooi M.H., Wong S.C., Podin Y., et al: Human enterovirus 71 disease in Sarawak, Malaysia: a prospective clinical, virological, and molecular epidemiological study. Clin Infect Dis 2007; 44:646-56.
-
17.
Progress toward interruption of wild poliovirus transmission—worldwide, January 2007-April 2008. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2008; 57:489-94.
-
18.
Halperin J.J. Viral encephalitis – Background, Arboviruses, and Enteroviruses. In: Halperin J.J., eds.: Encephalitis: diagnosis and treatment. New York: Informa Healthcare, 2008; 125-30.
-
19.
Aguilar P.V., Robich R.M., Turell M.J., et al. Endemic eastern equine encephalitis in the Amazon region of Peru. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2007; 76:293-8.
-
20.
Eastern Equine Encephalitis – New Hampshire and Massachusetts, August-September 2005. MMWR 2006; 55 (25):697-700.
-
21.
Weaver S.C., Salas R., Rico-Hesse R., et al. Re-emergence of epidemic Venezuelan equine encephalitis in South America. VEE Study Group. Lancet 1996; 348:436-40.
-
22.
Reisen W.K., Monath T.P. Western equine encephalomyelitis. In: Monath T.P., ed. The Arboviruses: Epidemiology and Ecology, vol. 5. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 1989:90- 137.
-
23.
Jones S.C., Morris J., Hill G., et al. St. Louis encephalitis outbreak in Louisiana in 2001. J La State Med Soc 2002; 154:303-6.
-
24.
Wasay M., Diaz-Arrastia R., Suss R.A., et al. St Louis encephalitis: a review of 11 cases in a 1995 Dallas, Tex, epidemic. Arch Neurol 2000; 57:114-8.
-
25.
Solomon T., Vaughn D.W. Pathogenesis and clinical features of Japanese encephalitis and West Nile virus infections. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2002; 267:171-94.
-
26.
Ooi M.H., Lewthwaite P., Lai B.F., et al. The epidemiology, clinical features, and long-term prognosis of Japanese encephalitis in central Sarawak, Malaysia, 1997-2005. Clin Infect Dis 2008; 47:458-68.
-
27.
Campbell G.L., Marfin A.A., Lanciotti R.S., et al. West Nile virus. Lancet Infect Dis 2002; 9:519-29.
-
28.
Solomon T., Ooi M.H. West Nile encephalitis. BMJ 2003; 326:865-9.
-
29.
Gritsun T.S., Lashkevich V.A., Gould E.A. Tick-borne encephalitis. Antiviral Res 2003; 57:129-46.
-
30.
Cizman M., Rakar R., Zakotnik B., et al. Severe forms of tick-borne encephalitis in children. Wien Klin Wochenschr1999; 111:484-7.
-
31.
McJunkin JE, los Reyes EC, Irazuzta JE, et al. La Crosse encephalitis in children. N Engl J Med 2001; 344:801-7.
-
32.
Koskiniemi M., Piiparinen H., Mannonen L., et al. Herpes encephalitis is a disease of middle aged and elderly people: polymerase chain reaction for detection of herpes simplex virus in the CSF of 516 patients with encephalitis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1996; 60:174-8.
-
33.
Whitley R.J., Soong S.J., Linneman J.C., et al. Herpes simplex encephalitis: Clinical assessment. JAMA 1982; 247:317-20.
-
34.
Devinsky O., Cho E.S., Petito C.K., et al. Herpes zoster myelitis. Brain 1991; 114(Pt 3):1181-96.
-
35.
Gilden D.H., Lipton H.L., Wolf J.S., et al. Two patients with unusual forms of varicella-zoster virus vasculopathy. N Engl J Med 2002; 347:1500-3.
-
36.
Gilden D. Varicella zoster virus and central nervous system syndromes. Herpes 2004; 11(Suppl 2):89A-94A.
-
37.
Cinque P., Cleator G.M., Weber T., et al. Diagnosis and clinical management of neurological disorders caused by cytomegalovirus in AIDS patients. European Union Concerted Action on Virus Meningitis and Encephalitis. J Neurovirol 1998; 4:120-32.
-
38.
Zerr D.M. Human herpesvirus 6 and central nervous system disease in hematopoietic cell transplantation. J Clin Virol 2006; 37(Suppl 1):S52-S56.
-
39.
McCullers J.A., Lakeman F.D., Whitley R.J. Human herpesvirus 6 is associated with focal encephalitis. Clin Infect Dis 1995; 21:571-6.
-
40.
Dewhurst S. Human herpesvirus type 6 and human herpesvirus type 7 infections of the central nervous system. Herpes 2004; 11(Suppl 2):105A-111A.