Аннотация
Печатается с разрешения авторов рекомендаций и редакции журнала «International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents».В ходе создания настоящих рекомендаций было проанализировано большое число источников литературы, содержащих информацию по патогенезу, этиологии и лечению катетер-ассоциированных инфекций мочевыводящих путей (КАИМП). С этой целью был проведён систематический поиск метаанализов рандомизированных контролируемых исследований, доступных в Medline. При этом предпочтение отдавалось Кохрейновскому центральному регистру контролируемых исследований; также учитывались и другие публикации на данную тему, оцениваемые в соответствии с качественными критериями. Результаты анализа включенных в работу исследований, оцениваемые в соответствии с модифицированными критериями Департамента здравоохранения США (1992 г.), позволили разработать рекомендации по ведению пациентов с мочевыми катетерами для всех медицинских дисциплин, для которых уход за мочевыми катетерами является актуальной проблемой. Выполненный анализ показал, что мочевой тракт — это наиболее частый источник нозокомиальных инфекций, особенно при наличии уретрального катетера. Возбудителями большинства КАИМП являются представители собственной микрофлоры пациента (IIb). Причем наличие катетера способствует развитию инфекции за счёт нескольких факторов, наиболее значимым из которых является длительность катетеризации. Большинство эпизодов катетер-ассоцированной бактериурии протекает бессимптомно и вызывается одним возбудителем (IIa). Однако при катетеризации длительностью более 30 сут значительно повышается риск инфекции полимикробной этиологии. Клиницисты должны осознать необходимость решения двух приоритетных задач: дренажная система должна оставаться закрытой и длительность катетеризации должна быть минимальной (A). При наличии у пациента катетера и бессимптомной бактериурии системная антибиотикотерапия не показана, за исключением некоторых особых случаев (A). Выполнение периодических посевов мочи в данной ситуации также не показано, так как пациенты не нуждаются в лечении ©. Антибиотикотерапия рекомендована лишь в случае наличия симптомов инфекции (B). Продолжительная супрессивная антибиотикотерапия неэффективна (A). Ирригации c растворами антибиотиков катетера и мочевого пузыря также неэффективны (A). Выполнение рутинного бактериологического исследования мочи не показано в случае адекватного дренирования ©. У отдельных пациентов возможно использование катетеров с клапаном, что позволяет избежать применения закрытых мочеприемников. Однако при этом, наряду с увеличением удобства дренажа для пациента, значительно повышается риск развития инфекции в сравнении с закрытыми системами. Пациенты с уретральным катетером, установленным в течение 10 лет и более, должны ежегодно обследоваться на предмет развития рака мочевого пузыря ©. Клиницисты всегда должны оценивать возможность использования альтернативных методов катетеризации мочевого пузыря, снижающих вероятность развития симптоматической инфекции. У определённых групп пациентов надлобковые катетеры, кондомные дренажные системы или периодическая катетеризация являются более предпочтительными по сравнению с постоянным дренированием с помощью уретрального катетера (B).
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