Обзор практических рекомендаций по ведению пациентов с бактериальным менингитом Американского общества инфекционных болезней | КМАХ

Обзор практических рекомендаций по ведению пациентов с бактериальным менингитом Американского общества инфекционных болезней

Клиническая Микробиология и Антимикробная Химиотерапия. 2006; 8(3):217-242

​ Карпов И.А., Иванов А.С., Юркевич И.В., Кишкурно Е.П., Качанко Е.Ф.
бактериальный менингит практические рекомендации диагностика антибиотикотерапия
Раздел
Методические рекомендации
Тип
Журнальная статья
Публикация
Клиническая Микробиология и Антимикробная Химиотерапия. 2006; 8(3):217-242

Аннотация

В статье представлен анализ имеющихся в настоящее время возможностей диагностики бактериальных менингитов, лечения и ведения больных с этим заболеванием с точки зрения доказательной медицины. В основу легли опубликованные результаты исследований в данной области. Приведены аргументы за и против использования соответствующих методов диагностики бактериальных менингитов, различные мнения относительно сроков начала антимикробной терапии и целесообразности использования дополнительной терапии глюкокортикоидами на основании результатов клинических исследований и их качества. Представлены современные антимикробные средства и режимы терапии бактериальных менингитов у пациентов разных возрастных категорий в зависимости от предполагаемой и подтверждённой этиологии заболевания.

  • 1. Schuchat A., Robinson K., Wenger J.D., et al. Bacterial meningitis in the United States in 1995. N Engl J Med 1997; 337:970–6.
  • 2. World Health Organization. Weekly Epidemiol Rec. Oct 17, 1997; 42:313–8.
  • 3. Gold R. Clinical aspects of meningococcal disease. In: Vedros NA, ed. Evolution of Meningococcal Disease. Boca Raton, Fla: CRC Press; 1987: 69–97.
  • 4. Beek D., Gans J. Corticosteroids in acute bacterial meningitis Cochrane Rev Abstract 2004. © 2004 The Cochrane Collaboration.
  • 5. Meningococcal Disease: Challenges in Prevention and Management John A. D. Leake, MD, MPH, Children’s Hospital, San Diego; Bradley A. Perkins, MD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta Infect Med 17(5):364377, 2000. Cliggott Publishing, Division of SCP Communications.
  • 6. Kirsch E.A., Barton R.P., Kitchen L., Giroir B.P. Pathophysiology, treatment, and outcome of meningococcemia: a review and recent experience. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1996; 15:967–78.
  • 7. Feigin R.D., McCracken G.H., Jr., Klein J.O. Diagnosis and management of meningitis. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1992; 11:785–814.
  • 8. Rahav G., Toledano Y., Engelhard D., et al. Invasive pneumococcal infections: a comparison between adults and children. Medicine 1997; 76:295–303.
  • 9. RuizGonzales A., Falguera M., Nogues A., et al. Is Streptococcus pneumoniae the leading cause of pneumonia of unknown etiology? A microbiologic study of lung aspirates in consecutive patients with communityacquired pneumonia. Am J Med 1999; 106:385–90.
  • 10. Jacobs M.R. Increasing importance of antibioticresistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in acute otitis media. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1996; 15:119–27.
  • 11. La Scolea L.J. Jr., Dryja D. Quantitation of bacteria in cerebrospinal fluid and blood of children with meningitis and its diagnostic significance. J Clin Microbiol 1984; 19:187–90.
  • 12. Hoffman J., Cetron M.S., Farley M.M., et al. The prevalence of drugresistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in Atlanta. N Engl J Med 1995; 333:481–6.
  • 13. Pallares R., Linares J., Vadillo M., et al. Resistance to penicillin and cephalosporin and mortality from severe pneumococcal pneumonia in Barcelona, Spain. N Engl J Med 1995; 333:474–80.
  • 14. Friedland I.R., McCracken G.J., Jr. Management of infections caused by antibiotic resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. N Engl J Med 1994; 331:377–82.
  • 15. Tunkel A.R., Scheld W.M. Acute meningitis. In: Mandell G.L., Bennett J.E., Dolin R., eds. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett‘s Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone; 2000. P. 959–997.
  • 16. Hasbun R. The acute aseptic meningitis syndrome. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2000; 2:34551.
  • 17. Singh N., Paterson D.L., Chang F.Y., et al. Methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus: the other emerging resistant grampositive coccus among liver transplant recipients. Clin Infect Dis. 2000; 30:322–7.
  • 18. Aronin S.I. Bacterial meningitis: principles and practical aspects of therapy. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2000; 2:337–44.
  • 19. Marston B.J., Plouffe J.F., File T.M., et al. Incidence of communityacquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization: results of a populationbased active surveillance study in Ohio. JAMA 1997; 157:1709–18.
  • 20. Quagliarello V.J., Scheld W.M. Treatment of bacterial meningitis. N Engl J Med 1997; 336:708–16.
  • 21. Steinhoff M.C. Haemophilus influenzae type b infections are preventable. Lancet 1997; 349:1186–7.
  • 22. Yang Y., Leng Z., Shen X., Lu D., Jiang Z., Rao J., et al. Acute bacterial meningitis in children in Hefei, China 19901992. Chinese Medical Journal 1996; 109:385–8.
  • 23. Levine M.M., Levine O.S. Disease burden, public perception and other factors that influence new vaccine development, implementation and continued use. Lancet 1997; 350:1386–92.
  • 24. Levine O.S., Schwartz B., Pierce N.F., Kane M. Development, evaluation and implementation of Hib vaccines for young children in developing countries: current status and priority actions. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1998; 17: S95–113.
  • 25. Salisbury D.M. Summary statement: The First International Conference on Haemophilus influenzae type b infection in Asia. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1998; 17:S93–5.
  • 26. Tunkel A.R. Bacterial meningitis. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2001.
  • 27. Marton K.I., Gean A.D. The spinal tap: a new look at an old test. Ann Intern Med 1986; 104:840–8.
  • 28. Greenlee J.E., Carroll K.C. Cerebrospinal fluid in CNS infections. In: Scheld W.M., Whitley R.J., Durack D.T., eds. Infections of the central nervous system. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: LippincottRaven, 1997. P. 899–922.
  • 29. Korein J., Cravisto H., Leicach M. Reevaluation of lumbar puncture: a study of 129 patients with papilledema or intracranial hypertension. Neurology 1959; 9:290–7.
  • 30. Horwitz. S.J., Boxerbaum B., O’Bell J. Cerebral herniation in bacterial meningitis in childhood. Ann Neurol 1980; 7:524–8.
  • 31. Hasbun R., Abrahams J., Jekel J., Quagliarello V.J. Computed tomography of the head before lumbar puncture in adults with suspected meningitis. N Engl J Med 2001; 345:1727–33.
  • 32. Bonadio W.A. The cerebrospinal fluid: physiologic aspects and alterations associated with bacterial meningitis. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1992; 11:423–32.
  • 33. La Scolea L.J. Jr., Dryja D. Quantitation of bacteria in cerebrospinal fluid and blood of children with meningitis and its diagnostic significance. J Clin Microbiol 1984; 19:187–90.
  • 34. ChapinRobertson K., Dahlberg S.E., Edberg S.C. Clinical and laboratory analyses of cytospinprepared Gram stains for recovery and diagnosis of bacteria from sterile body fluids. J Clin Microbiol 1992; 30:377–80.
  • 35. Gray L.D., Fedorko D.P. Laboratory diagnosis of bacterial meningitis. Clin Microbiol Rev 1992; 5:130–45.
  • 36. Mylonakis E., Hohmann E.L., Calderwood S.B. Central nervous system infection with Listeria monocytogenes: 33 years experience at a general hospital and review of 776 episodes from the literature. Medicine (Baltimore) 1998; 77:313–36.
  • 37. Feigin R.D., McCracken G.H. Jr., Klein J.O. Diagnosis and management of meningitis. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1992; 11:785–814.
  • 38. Maxson S., Lewno M.J., Schutze G.E. Clinical usefulness of cerebrospinal fluid bacterial antigen studies. J Pediatr 1994; 125:235–8.
  • 39. Hayden R.T., Frenkel L.D. More laboratory testing: greater cost but not necessarily better. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2000; 19:290–2.
  • 40. Tarafdar K., Rao S., Recco R.A., Zaman M.M. Lack of sensitivity of the latex agglutination test to detect bacterial antigen in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with culturenegative meningitis. Clin Infect Dis 2001; 33:406–8.
  • 41. McCracken G.H. Jr., Sarff L.D. Endotoxin in cerebrospinal fluid: detection in neonates with bacterial meningitis. JAMA 1976; 235:617–20.
  • 42. Ni H., Knight A.I., Cartwright K., et al. Polymerase chain reaction for diagnosis of meningococcal meningitis. Lancet 1992; 340:1432–4.
  • 43. Radstrom P., Backman A., Qian N., et al. Detection of bacterial DNA in cerebrospinal fluid by an assay for simultaneous detection of Neisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzae, and streptococci using a seminested PCR strategy. J Clin Microbiol 1994; 32:2738–44.
  • 44. Saravolatz L.D., Manzor O., VanderVelde N., el al. Broadrange bacterial polymerase chain reaction for early detection of bacterial meningitis Clin Infect Dis 2003; 36:40–5.
  • 45. Spanos A., Harrell F.E. Jr., Durack D.T. Differential diagnosis of acute meningitis: an analysis of the predictive value of initial observations. JAMA 1989; 262:2700–7.
  • 46. McKinney W.P., Heudebert G.R., Harper S.A., et al. Validation of a clinical prediction rule for the differential diagnosis of acute meningitis. J Gen Intern Med 1994; 9:8–12.
  • 47. Genton B., Berger J.P. Cerebrospinal fluid lactate in 78 cases of adult meningitis. Intensive Care Med 1990; 16:196–200.
  • 48. Leib S.L., Boscacci R., Gratzl O., Zimmerli W. Predictive value of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) lactate level versus CSF/blood glucose ratio for the diagnosis of bacterial meningitis following neurosurgery. Clin Infect Dis 1999; 29:69–74.
  • 49. Nathan B.R., Scheld W.M. The potential roles of Creactive protein and procalcitonin concentrations in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid in the diagnosis of bacterial meningitis. In: Remington J.S., Swartz M.N., eds. Current clinical topics in infectious diseases, Vol. 22. Oxford: Blackwell Science, 2002. P. 155–65.
  • 50. Gerdes L.U., Jorgensen P.E., Nexo E., Wang P. Creactive protein and bacterial meningitis: a metaanalysis. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1998; 58:383–93.
  • 51. Sormunen P., Kallio M.J.T., Kilpi T., Peltola H. Creactive protein is useful in distinguishing Gram stainnegative bacterial meningitis from viral meningitis in children. J Pediatr 1999; 134:725–9.
  • 52. Gendrel D., Raymond J., Assicot M., et al. Measurement of procalcitonin levels in children with bacterial or viral meningitis. Clin Infect Dis 1997; 24:1240–2.
  • 53. Viallon A., Zeni F., Lambert C., et al. High sensitivity and specificity of serum procalcitonin levels in adults with bacterial meningitis. Clin Infect Dis 1999; 28:1313–6.
  • 54. Schwarz S., Bertram M., Schwab S., et al. Serum procalcitonin levels in bacterial and abacterial meningitis. Crit Care Med 2000; 28:1828–32.
  • 55. Romero J.R. Diagnosis and management of enteroviral infections of the central nervous system. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2002; 4:309–16.
  • 56. Ramers C., Billman G., Hartin M., el al. Impact of a diagnostic cerebrospinal fluid enterovirus polymerase chain reaction lest on patient management. JAMA 2000; 283:2680–5.
  • 57. Short W.R., Tunkel A.R. Timing of administration of antimicrobial therapy in bacterial meningitis. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2001; 3:360–4.
  • 58. Feigin R.D., Stechenberg B.W., Chang M.J., el al. Prospective evaluation of treatment of Haemophilus influenzae meningitis. J Pediatr 1976; 88:542–8.
  • 59. Feldman W.E., Ginsburg C.M., McCracken G.H. Jr. Relation of concentrations of Haemophilus influenzae type b in cerebrospinal fluid to late sequelae of patients with meningitis. J Pediatr 1982; 100:209–12.
  • 60. Lebel M.H., McCracken G.H. Jr. Delayed cerebrospinal fluid sterilization and adverse outcome of bacterial meningitis in infants and children. Pediatrics 1989; 83:161–7.
  • 61. Schaad U.B., Suter S., GianellaBorradori A., et al. A comparison of ceftriaxone and cefuroxime for the treatment of bacterial meningitis in children. N Engl J Med 1990; 322:141–7.
  • 62. Feigin R.D., Kaplan S.L. Commentary. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1992; 11:698–700.
  • 63. Radetsky M. Duration of symptoms and outcome in bacterial meningitis: an analysis of causation and the implications of a delay in diagnosis. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1992; 11:694–8.
  • 64. Bonadio W.A. Medicallegal considerations related to symptom duration and patient outcome after bacterial meningitis. Am J Emerg Med 1997; 15:420–3.
  • 65. The Research Committee of the British Society for the Study of Infection. Bacterial meningitis: causes for concern. J Infect 1995; 30:89–94.
  • 66. Begg N., Cartwright K.A.V., Cohen J., et al. Consensus statement on diagnosis, investigation, treatment, and prevention of acute bacterial meningitis in immunocompetent adults. J Infect 1999; 39:1–15.
  • 67. Aronin S.I., Peduzzi P., Quagliarello V.J. Communityacquired bacterial meningitis: risk stratification for adverse clinical outcome and effect of antibiotic timing. Ann Intern Med 1998; 129:862–9.
  • 68. Miner J.R., Heegaard W., Mapes A. Biros M, Presentation, lime to antibiotics, and mortality of patients with bacterial meningitis at an urban county medical center. J Emerg Med 2001; 21:387–92.
  • 69. Lu C.H., Huang C.R., Chang W.N., et al. Communityacquired bacterial meningitis in adults: the epidemiology, timing of appropriate antimicrobial therapy, and prognostic factors. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2002; 104:352–8.
  • 70. Tunkel A.R., Scheld W.M. Pathogenesis and pathophysiology of bacterial meningitis. Clin Microbiol Rev 1993; 6:118–36.
  • 71. Scheld W.M., Koedel U., Nathan B., Pfister H.W. Pathophysiology of bacterial meningitis: mechanisms of neuronal injury. J Infect Dis 2002; 186:S225–33.
  • 72. Van der Flier M., Geelen S.P.M., Kimpen J.L.L.,. et al. Reprogramming the host response in bacterial meningitis: how to best improve outcome? Clin Microbiol Rev 2003; 16:415–29.
  • 73. Daoud A.S., Baticha A., AlSheyyab M., et al. Lack of effectiveness of dexamethasone in neonatal bacterial meningitis. Eur J Pediatr 1999; 158:230–3.
  • 74. DeLemos R.A., Haggerty R.J. Corticosteroids as an adjunct to treatment in bacterial meningitis. Pediatrics 1969; 44:30–4.
  • 75. Belsey M.A., Hoffpauir C.W., Smith M.H.D. Dexamethasone in the treatment of acute bacterial meningitis: the effect of study design on the interpretation of results. Pediatrics 1969; 44:503–13.
  • 76. Lebel M.H., Freij B.J., Syrogiannopoulos G.A., et al. Dexamethasone therapy for bacterial meningitis: results of two doubleblind, placebocontrolled trials. N Engl J Med 1988; 319:964–71.
  • 77. Lebel M.H., Hoyt M.J., Waagner D.C., et al. Magnetic resonance imaging and dexamethasone therapy for bacterial meningitis. Am J Dis Child 1989; 143:301–6.
  • 78. Odio C.M., Faingezicht I., Paris M., et al. The beneficial effects of early dexamethasone administration in infants and children with bacterial meningitis. N Engl J Med 1991; 324:1525–31.
  • 79. Kennedy W.A., Hoyt M.J., McCracken G.H. Jr. The role of corticosteroid therapy in children with pneumococcal meningitis. Am J Dis Child 1991; 145:1374–8.
  • 80. Schaad U.B., Lips U., Gnehm H.E., et al. Dexamethasone therapy for bacterial meningitis in children. Lancet 1993; 342:457–61.
  • 81. King S.M., Law B., Langley J.M., et al. Dexamethasone therapy for bacterial meningitis: better never than late? Can J Infect Dis 1994; 5:1–7.
  • 82. Wald E.R., Kaplan S.L., Mason E.O. Jr., et al. Dexamethasone therapy for children with bacterial meningitis. Pediatrics 1995; 95:21–8.
  • 83. Kanra G.Y., Ozen H., Secmeer G., et al. The beneficial effects of dexamethasone in children with pneumococcal meningitis. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1995; 14:490–4.
  • 84. Kilpi T., Peltola H., Jauhiainen T., et al. Oral glycerol and intravenous dexamethasone in preventing neurologic and audiologic sequelae of childhood bacterial meningitis. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1995; 14:270–8.
  • 85. Macaluso A., Pivetta S., Maggi R.S., et al. Dexamethasone adjunctive therapy for bacterial meningitis in children: a retrospective study in Brazil. Ann Trop Paediatr 1996; 16:193–8.
  • 86. Qazi S.A., Khan M.A., Mughal N., et al. Dexamethasone and bacterial meningitis in Pakistan. Arch Dis Child 1996; 75:482–8.
  • 87. Arditi M., Mason E.O. Jr., Bradley J.S., et al. Threeyear multicenter surveillance of pneumococcal meningitis in children: clinical characteristics, and outcome related to penicillin susceptibility and dexamethasone use. Pediatrics 1998; 102:1087–97.
  • 88. Molyneux E.M., Walsh A.L., Forsyth H., et al. Dexamethasone treatment in childhood bacterial meningitis in Malawi: a randomized controlled trial. Lancet 2002; 360:211–8.
  • 89. McLntyre P.B., Berkey C.S., King S.M., et al. Dexamethasone as adjunctive therapy in bacterial meningitis: a metaanalysis of randomized clinical trials since 1988. JAMA 1997; 278:925–31.
  • 90. McCracken G.H. Jr. Rich nations, poor nations, and bacterial meningitis. Lancet 2002; 360:183.
  • 91. American Academy of Pediatrics. Pneumococcal infections. In: Pickering L.K., ed. Red book: 2003 report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. 26th ed. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics, 2003. P. 490–500.
  • 92. Girgis N.I., Farid Z., Mikhail I.A., et al. Dexamethasone treatment for bacterial meningitis in children and adults. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1989; 8:848–51.
  • 93. Thomas R., Le Tulzo Y., Bouget J., et al. Trial of dexamethasone treatment for severe bacterial meningitis in adults. Intensive Care Med 1999; 25:475–80.
  • 94. Gijwani D., Kumhar M.R., Singh V.B., et al. Dexamethasone therapy for bacterial meningitis in adults: a double blind placebo control study. Neurol India 2002; 50:63–7.
  • 95. Ahsan T., Shahid M., Mahmood T., et al. Role of dexamethasone in acute bacterial meningitis in adults. J Pak Med Assoc 2002; 52:233–9.
  • 96. De Gans, van de Beek D. Dexamethasone in adults with bacterial meningitis. N Engl J Med 2002; 347:1549–56.
  • 97. Paris M.M., Hickey S.M., Uscher M.I., et al. Effect of dexamethasone on therapy of experimental penicillin and cephalosporinresistant pneumococcal meningitis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1994; 38:1320–4.
  • 98. Cabellos C., MartinezLacasa J., Martos A., et al. Influence of dexamethasone on efficacy of ceftriaxone and vancomycin therapy in experimental pneumococcal meningitis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1995; 39:2158–60.
  • 99. Ahmed A., Jafri H., Lustar I., et al. Pharmacodynamics of vancomycin for the treatment of experimental penicillin and cephalosporinresistant pneumococcal meningitis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999; 43:876–81.
  • 100. Klugman K.P., Friedland I.R., Bradley J.S. Bactericidal activity against cephalosporinresistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in cerebrospinal fluid of children with acute bacterial meningitis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1995; 39:1988–92.
  • 101. Tunkel A.R., Scheld W.M. Corticosteroids for everyone with meningitis? N Engl J Med 2002; 347:1613–5.
  • 102. Cherubin C.E., Eng R.H.K., Norrby R., et al. Penetration of newer cephalosporins into cerebrospinal fluid. Rev Infect Dis 1989; 11:526–48.
  • 103. Peltola J., Anttila M., Renkonen O.V., et al. Randomized comparison of chloramphenicol, ampicillin, cefotaxime, and ceftriaxone for childhood bacterial meningitis. Lancet 1989; 1:1281–7.
  • 104. Lebel M.H., Hoyt M.J., McCracken G.H. Jr. Comparative efficacy of ceftriaxone and cefuroxime for treatment of bacterial meningitis. J Pediatr 1989; 114:1049–54.
  • 105. American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Infectious Diseases. Therapy for children with invasive pneumococcal infections. Pediatrics 1997; 99:289–99.
  • 106. Kaplan S.L., Mason E.O. Jr. Management of infections due to antibioticresistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. Clin Microbiol Rev 1998; 11:628–44.
  • 107. Landesman S.H., Corrado M.L., Shah P.M., et al. Past and current roles of cephalosporin antibiotics in treatment of meningitis: emphasis on use in gramnegative bacillary meningitis. Am J Med 1981; 71:693–703.
  • 108. Cherubin C.E., Corrado M.L., Nair S.R., et al. Treatment of gramnegative bacillary meningitis: role of new cephalosporin antibiotics. Rev Infect Dis 1982; 4:S453–64.
  • 109. Kaplan S.L., Patrick C.C. Cefotaxime and aminoglycoside treatment of meningitis caused by gramnegative enteric organisms. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1990; 9:810–4.
  • 110. Fong I.W., Tomkins K.B. Review of Pseudomonas aeruginosa meningitis with special emphasis on treatment with ceftazidime. Rev Infect Dis 1985; 7:604–12.
  • 111. Rodriguez W.J., Khan W.N., Cocchetto D.M., et al. Treatment of Pseudomonas meningitis with ceftazidime with or without concurrent therapy. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1990; 9:83–7.
  • 112. SaezLlorens X., Castano E., Garcia R., et al. Prospective randomized comparison of cetepime and cetotaxime for treatment of bacterial meningitis in infants and children. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1995; 39:937–40.
  • 113. SaezLlorens X., O’Ryan M. Cefepime in the empiric treatment of meningitis in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2001; 20:356–61.
  • 114. Rousseau J.M., Soullie B., Villevielle T., Koeck I.T. Efficacy of cefepime in postoperative meningitis attributable to Enterobacter aerogenes. J Trauma 2001; 50:971.
  • 115. Ahmed A. A critical evaluation of vancomycin for treatment of bacterial meningitis. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1997; 16:895–903.
  • 116. Viladrich P.F., Gudiol F., Linares J., et al. Evaluation of vancomycin for therapy of adult pneumococcal meningitis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1991; 35:2467–72.
  • 117. Kaplan S.L. Management of pneumococcal infections. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2002; 21:589–91.
  • 118. Kautman B.A. Infections of cerebrospinal fluid shunts. In: Scheld W.M., Whitley R.J., Durack D.T., eds. Infections of the central nervous system. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: LippincottRaven, 1997. P. 555–77.
  • 119. Aseni F., Otero M.C., PerezT’amarit D., et al. Risk/benefit in the treatment of children with imipenemcilastatin for meningitis caused by penicillinresistant pneumococcus. J Chemother 1993; 5:133–4.
  • 120. Aseni F., PerezTamarit D., Otero M.C., et al. Imipenemcilastatin therapy in a child with meningitis caused by a multiply resistant pneumococcus. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1989; 8:895.
  • 121. Rodriguez K., Kickinson G.M., Greenman R.L. Successful treatment of gramnegative bacillary meningitis with imipenem/cilastatin. South Med J 1985; 78:731–2.
  • 122. Wong V.K., Wright H.T. Jr., Ross L.A., et al. Imipenem/ cilastatin treatment of bacterial meningitis in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1991; 10:122–5.
  • 123. Schmutzhard R., Williams K.J., Vukmirovits G., et al. A randomized comparison of meropenem with cefotaxime or ceftriaxone for the treatment of bacterial meningitis in adults. J Antimicrob Chemother 1995; 36:85–97.
  • 124. Bradley J.S., Scheld W.M. The challenge of penicillinresistant Streptococcus pneumoniae meningitis: current antibiotic therapy in the 1990s. Clin Infect Dis 1997; 24:S213–21.
  • 125. Odio C.M., Puig J.R., Feris J.M., et al. Prospective, randomized, investigatorblinded study of the efficacy and safety of meropenem vs. cefotaxime therapy in bacterial meningitis in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1999; 18:581–90.
  • 126. John C.C., Aouad C., Berman B., et al. Successful meropenem treatment of multiply resistant pneumococcal meningitis. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1997; 16:1009–11.
  • 127. Buckingham S.C., Davis Y., English B.K. Pneumococcal susceptibility to meropenem in a midSouth children’s hospital. South Med J 2002; 95:1293–6.
  • 128. Chmelik V., Gutvirth J. Meropenem treatment of posttraumatic meningitis due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Antimicrob Chemolher 1993; 32:922–3.
  • 129. SegalMaurer S., Mariano N., Qavi A., et al. Successful treatment of ceftazidimeresistant Klebsiella pneumoniae ventriculitis with intra1 venous meropenem and intraventricular polymyxin B: case report and review. Clin Infect Dis 1999; 28:1134–8.
  • 130. Schonwald S., Geus I., Lisic M., et al. Ciprotloxacin in the treatment of gramnegative bacillary meningitis. Am J Med 1989; 87:248S–9S.
  • 131. WongBeringer A., Beringer P., Lovett M.A. Successful treatment of multidrugresistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa meningitis with highdose ciprotloxacin. Clin Infect Dis 1997; 25:936–7.
  • 132. Krecmery V. Jr., Filka J., Uher J., et al. Ciprofloxacin in the treatment of nosocomial meningitis in neonates and in infants: report of 12 cases and review. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 1999; 35:75–80.
  • 133. Lipman I., Allworth A., Walis S.C. Cerebrospinal penetration of high doses of intravenous ciprotloxacin in meningitis. Clin Intect Dis 2000; 31:1131–3.
  • 134. Lo W.T., Wang C.C., Lee C.M., Chu M.L. Successful treatment of multiresistant Stenotrophomonas maltophilia meningitis with ciprolloxacin in the preterm infant. Eur J Pediatr 2002; 161:680–2.
  • 135. SaezLlorens X., McCoig C., Feris J.M., et al. Quinolone treatment for pediatric bacterial meningitis: a comparative study of trovafloxacin and ceftriaxone with or without vancomycin. Pediatr Intect Dis J 2002; 21:14– 22.
  • 136. Cottagnoud P., Tauber M.G. Fluoroqiuinolones in the treatment of meningitis. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2003; 5:329–36.
  • 137. Cruciani M., Navarra A., Di Perri G., et al. Evaluation of intraventicular teicoplanin for the treatment of neurosurgical shunt infections. Clin Infect Dis 1992; 15:285–9.
  • 138. Wen D.Y., Bottini A.G., Hall W.A., Haines S.J. The intraventricular use of antibiotics. Neurosurg Clin North Am 1992; 3:343–54.
  • 139. Bayston R., Hart C.A., Barnicot M. Intraventricular vancomycin in the treatment associated with cerebrospinal fluid shunting and drainage. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1987; 50:1419–23.
  • 140. Tunkel A.R., Kaufman B.A. Cerebrospinal fluid shunt infections. In: Mandell G.L., Bennett J.E., Dolin R., eds. Principles and practice of infectious diseases. 6th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Science, 2004. P. 1126–32.
  • 141. Radetsky M. Duration of treatment in bacterial meningitis: a historical inquiry. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1990; 9:2–9.
  • 142. O’Neill P. How long to treat bacterial meningitis. Lancet 1993; 341:530.
  • 143. Water J.A., Rathore M.H. Outpatient management of pediatric bacterial meningitis. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1995; 14:89–92.
  • 144. Tice A.D., Strait K., Ramey R., et al. Outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy for central nervous system infections. Clin Infect Dis 1999; 29:1394–9.
Просмотров
0 Аннотация
0 PDF
0 Цитирования
Поделились