Practice Guidelines for the Antimicrobial Therapy in Neutropenic Patients with Cancer (According to the Guidelines of Infections Diseases Society of America) | CMAC

Practice Guidelines for the Antimicrobial Therapy in Neutropenic Patients with Cancer (According to the Guidelines of Infections Diseases Society of America)

Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2003; 5(1):47-73

​ Klyasova G.A.
febrile neutropenia neutropenia antibiotics antimicrobial therapy
Section
Guidelines
Type
Journal article
Publication
Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2003; 5(1):47-73

Abstract

Febrile neutropenia is becoming significant problem in Russian medical institutions. Changes in spectrum of causative pathogens, increase of the number of neutropenic patients and emergence of antimicrobial resistance – all the above factors require not only special attention of clinicians but also to the development of adequate practice guidelines. In our opinion at the moment the most valid guidelines for the therapy in febrile neutropenia is the recent guidelines of the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA), so, in present article we try to adopt the above guidelines for the Russia. This article presents approach to the diagnostics and the risk stratification in patients with neutropenia. Empiric choice of antimicrobials is also considered. Antibacterial therapy of febrile neutropenia is described in detail. Practice guidelines for efficacy evaluation of treatment, its modifications and duration are given. Use of antiviral agents, colony-stimulating factors and granulocyte transfusion are considered. Antibiotic and antifungal prophylaxis for neutropenic patients is presented as well.

  • 1. Shughes W.T., Armstrong D., BodeyG.P., et al. 1997 guidelines for theuse of antimicrobial agents in neu-tropenic patients with unexplainedfever. Infectious Diseases Society ofAmerica. Clin Infect Dis 1997;25:551-73.
  • 2. Bodey G.P., Buckley M., Sathe Y.S.,Freireich E.J. Quantitative rela-tionships between circulatingleukocytes and infection in patientswith acute leukemia. Ann InternMed 1966; 64:328-40.
  • 3. Schimpff S.C. Empiric antibiotic the-rapy for granulocytopenic cancerpatients. Am J Med 1986; 80:13-20.
  • 4. Lucas K.G., Brown A.E., Armstrong D., et al. The identificationof febrile, neutropenic childrenwith neoplastic disease at low riskfor bacteremia and complications ofsepsis. Cancer 1996; 77:791-8.
  • 5. Dale D.C., Guerry D. 4th, We-werka J.R., Chusid M.J. Chronicneutropenia. Medicine (Baltimore)1979; 58:128-44.
  • 6. Sickles E.A., Greene W.H., Wier-nik P.H. Clinical presentation ofinfection in granulocytopenic pati-ents. Arch Intern Med 1975;135:715-9.
  • 7. Mermel L.A., Farr B.M., Sheretz R.J.,et al. Guidelines for the manage-ment of intravascular catheter-related infection. Clin Infect Dis2001; 32:1249-72.
  • 8. Weinstein M.P. Current blood cul-ture methods and systems: clinicalconcepts, technology, and interpre-tation of results. Clin Infect Dis1996; 23:40-60.
  • 9. Adamkiewicz T.V., Lorenzana A.,Doyle J., et al. Peripheral vs. centralblood cultures in patients admittedto a pediatric oncology ward. Pedi-atr Infect Dis J 1999; 18:556-8.
  • 10. Whimbey E., Wong B., Kiehn T.E.,Armstrong D. Clinical correlationsof serial quantitative blood culturesdetermined by lysis-centrifugatio-nin patients with persistent sep-ticemia. J Clin Microbiol 1984;19:766-71.
  • 11. Rolston R.V.I., Balakrishnan M.,Elting L.S., et al. Is quantitativevariation in cancer patients withbacteremic infections linked toseverity of infection? [Abstract729]. In: Program and abstracts ofthe 40th Interscience Conferencefor Antimicrobial Agents andChemotherapy (Toronto). Wa-shington, DC: American Society forMicrobiology, 2000.
  • 12. McDonald L.C., Weinstein M.P.,Mirrett S., et al. Controlled com-parison of BacT/ALERT FANaerobic medium and VATEC fun-gal blood culture medium for detec-tion of fungemia. J Clin Microbiol2001; 39:622-4.
  • 13. Weinstein M.P., Mirrett S., Wil-son M.L., et al. Controlled evalua-tion of 5 versus 10 milliliters ofblood cultured in aerobicBacT/Alert blood culture bottles.J Clin Microbiol 1994; 32:2103-6.
  • 14. Flynn P.M., Van Hooser B., Gigli-otti F. Atypical mycobacterialinfections of Hickman catheter exitsites. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1988;7:510-3.
  • 15. Bodey G.P., Fainstein V. Systemiccandidiasis. In: Bodley G.P., Fain-stein V., eds. Candidiasis. NewYork: Raven Press, 1985. p.135-68.
  • 16. Guerrant R.L., Van Gilder T., Stei-ner T.S., et al. Practice guidelinesfor the management of infectiousdiarrhea. Clin Infect Dis 2001;32:331-50.
  • 17. Heussel C.P., Kauczor H.U., Heus-sel G.E., et al. Pneumonia in febrileneutropenic patients and in bonemarrow and blood stem cell trans-plant recipients: use of high resolu-tion computed tomography. J ClinOncol 1999; 17:796-805.
  • 18. Allen U., Smith C.R., Prober C.G.The value of skin biopsies in febrile,neutropenic, immunocompromisedchildren. Am J Dis Child 1986;140:459-61.
  • 19. Lehrnbecher T., Venzon D., deHaas M., et al. Assessment of mea-suring circulating levels of inter-leukin-6, interleukin-8, C-reactiveprotein, soluble Fcγreceptor typeIII, and mannose-binding protein infebrile children with cancer andneutropenia. Clin Infect Dis 1999;29:414-9.
  • 20. Engel A., Steinbach G., Kern P., etal. Diagnostic value of procalci-tonin serum levels in Neutropenicpatients with fever: comparisonwith interleukin-8. Scand J InfectDis 1999; 31:185-9.
  • 21. Kern W.V., Heiss M., Steinbach G.,et al. Prediction of gram-negativebacteremia in patients with cancerand febrile neutropenia by means ofinterleukin-8 levels in serum:targeting empirical monotherapyversus combination therapy. ClinInfect Dis 2001; 32:832-5.
  • 22. Engel A., Mack E., Kern P., et al. Ananalysis of interleukin-8, inter-leukin-6, and C-reactive proteinserum concentrations to predictfever, gram-negative bacteremia,and complicated infection in neu-tropenic cancer patients. Infection1998; 26:213-21.
  • 23. Bochud P.Y., Calandra T., Franci-oli P. Bacteremia due to viridansstreptococci in neutropenic pati-ents: a review. Am J Med 1994;97:256-64.
  • 24. Pizzo P.A., Ladisch S., Robicha-ud K. Treatment of gram-positivesepticemia in cancer patients.Cancer 1980; 45:206-7.
  • 25. Rolston K.V.I., Tarrand J.J.Pseudomonas aeruginosa– still a frequentpathogen in patients with cancer:11-year experience at a comprehen-sive cancer center. Clin Infect Dis1999; 29:463-4.
  • 26. Escande M.C., Hebrect R. Pro-spective study of bacteremia in can-cer patients. Support Care Cancer1998; 6:273-80.
  • 27. Collioud D., van der Auwera P.,Viot M., et al. Prospective multi-centric study of the etiology of1051 bacteremic episodes in 782cancer patients. Support CareCancer 1993; 1:34-6.
  • 28. Al-Bahar S., Pandita R., Dhab-har B.N., et al. Febrile neutropeniain cancer patients in Kuwait: micro-bial spectrum and outcome. SupportCare Cancer 1994; 2:400-2.
  • 29. Spanik S., Stopkova K., Grau-sova S., et al. Postoperative bac-teremia in cancer patients withsolid tumors undergoing surgery:risk factors, etiology and outcomein 276 patients. Support CareCancer 1997; 5:336-8.
  • 30. European Organization for Rese-arch and Treatment of Cancer(EORTC) International Anti-microbial Therapy CooperativeGroup, National Cancer Instituteof Canada – Clinical Trials Group.Vancomycin added to empiricalcombination antibiotic therapy forfever in granulocytopenic cancerpatients. J Infect Dis 1991;163:951-8.
  • 31. Douard M.C., Arlet G., Longuet P.,et al. Diagnosis of venous accessport–related infections. Clin InfectDis 1999; 29:1197-202.
  • 32. Benezra D., Kiehn T.E., Gold J.W.,et al. Prospective study of infec-tions in indwelling central venouscatheters using quantitative bloodcultures. Am J Med 1988; 85:495-8.
  • 33. Raad I.I., Vartivarian S., Khan A., etal. Catheter-related infections cau-sed by theMycobacterium fortuitum complex: 15 cases and review. RevInfect Dis 1991; 13:1120-5.
  • 34. Viscoli C., Bruzzi P., Glauser M. Anapproach to the design and imple-mentation of clinical trails of empi-rical antibiotic therapy in febrileand neutropenic cancer patients.Eur J Cancer 1995; 31A:2013-22.
  • 35. Hughes W.T., Pizzo P.A., Wa-de J.C., et al. Evaluation of newanti-infective drugs for the treat-ment of febrile episodes in neu-tropenic patients. Clin Infect Dis1992; 15(Suppl 1):S206-15.
  • 36. Johnson M.P., Ramphal R.β-Lac-tam-resistantEnterobacterbactere-mia in febrile neutropenic patientsreceiving monotherapy. J Infect Dis1990; 162:981-3.
  • 37. Anaissie E.J., Fainstein V., Bo-dey G.P., et al. Randomized trial ofbeta-lactam regimens in febrileneutropenic cancer patients. Am JMed 1988; 84:581-9.
  • 38. Bodey G.P., Fainstein V., El-ting L.S., et al. Beta-lactam regi-mens for the febrile neutropenicpatient. Cancer 1990; 65:9-16.
  • 39. Malik I.A., Khan W.A., Karim M.,et al. Feasibility of outpatientmanagement of fever in cancerpatients with low-risk neutropenia:results of a prospective randomizedtrial. Am J Med 1995; 98:224-31.
  • 40. Mullen C.A., Petropoulos D.,Roberst W.M., et al. Outpatienttreatment of fever and neutropeniafor low risk pediatric cancerpatients. Cancer 1999; 86:126-34.
  • 41. Garcia-Carbonero R., Cortes-Funes H. Outpatient therapy withoral ofloxacin for patients with lowrisk neutropenia and fever: aprospective, randomized clinicaltrial. Cancer 1999; 85:213-9.
  • 42. Rolston K.V.I. New trends in pati-ent management: risk-based thera-py for febrile patients with neu-tropenia. Clin Infect Dis 1999;29:515-21.
  • 43. Freifeld A., Marchigiani D.,Walsh T., et al. A double-blind com-parison of empirical oral and intra-venous antibiotic therapy for low-risk febrile patients with neutrope-nia during cancer chemotherapy.N Engl J Med 1999; 341:305-11.
  • 44. Aquino V.M., Tkaczewski I., Bu-chanan G.R. Early discharge oflow-risk febrile neutropenic chil-dren and adolescents with cancer.Clin Infect Dis 1997; 25:74-8.
  • 45. Kern W.V., Cometta A., DeBock R.,et al. Oral versus intravenous empi-rical antimicrobial therapy for feverin patients with granulocytopeniawho are receiving cancer chemo-therapy. N Engl J Med 1999;341:312-8.
  • 46. Klaasseen R.J.,Goodman R.,Pham B.A., Doyle J.J. «Low-risk»prediction rule for pediatric oncolo-gy patients presenting with feverand neutropenia. J Clin Oncol2000; 18:1012-9.
  • 47. Rackoff W.R., Gonin R., Robin-son C., et al. Predicting the risk ofbacteremia in children with feverand neutropenia. J Clin Oncol1996; 14:919-24.
  • 48. Jones G.R., Konsler G.K., Duna-way R.P., et al. Risk factors forrecurrent fever after the disconti-nuation of empiric antibiotic thera-py for fever and neutropenia inpediatric patients with a malignan-cy or hematologic condition. JPediatr 1994; 124:703-8.
  • 49. Elting L.S., Rubenstein E.B., Rols-ton K.V.I., et al. Outcome of bac-teremia in patients with cancer andneutropenia: observations from twodecades of epidemiological andclinical trials. Clin Infect Dis 1997;25:247-59.
  • 50. Klastersky J., Paesmans M.,Rubenstein E.B., et al. The multina-tional association for supportivecare in cancer risk index: a multina-tional scoring system for identifylow-risk febrile neutropenic cancerpatients. J Clin Oncol 2000;18:3038-51.
  • 51. Talcott J.A., Siegel R.D., Fin-berg R., et al. Risk assessment incancer patients with fever and neu-tropenia: a prospective, two-centervalidation of a prediction rule. JClin Oncol 1992; 10:316-22.
  • 52. Shenep J.L., Flynn P.M., Ba-ker D.K., et al. Oral cefixime is si-milar to continued intravenousantibiotics in the empirical treat-ment of febrile neutropenic chil-dren with cancer. Clin Infect Dis2001; 32:36-43.
  • 53. Paganini H.R., Sarkis C.M., DeMar-tino M.G., et al. Oral admini-stration of cefixime to lower riskfebrile neutropenic children withcancer. Cancer 2000; 88:2848-52.
  • 54. Rubinstein E., Lode H., Grassi C.Ceftazidime monotherapy vs. cef-triaxone/tobramycin for serioushospital-acquired gram-negativeinfections. Antibiotic Study Group.Clin Infect Dis 1995; 20:1217-28.
  • 55. Winston D.J., Ho W.G., Bruck-ner D.A., Champlin R.E. Beta-lac-tam antibiotic therapy in febrilegranulocytopenic patients: a ran-domized trial comparing cefopera-zone plus piperacillin, ceftazidimeplus piperacillin, and imipenemalone. Ann Intern Med 1991;115:849-59.
  • 56. De Pauw B.E., Deresinski S.C.,Feld R., et al.Ceftazidime com-pared with piperacillin and tobra-mycin for the empiric treatment offever in neutropenic patients withcancer: a multicenter randomizedtrial. Ann Intern Med 1994;120:834-44.
  • 57. Pizzo P.A., Hathorn J.W., Hie-menz J., et al. A randomized trialcomparing ceftazidime alone withcombination antibiotic therapy incancer patients with fever and neu-tropenia. N Engl J Med 1986;315:552-8.
  • 58. Gardembas-Pain M., Desablens B.,Sensebe L., et al. Home treatmentof febrile neutropenia: an empiricaloral antibiotic regimen. Ann Oncol1991; 2:485-7.
  • 59. Malik I.A., Abbas A., Karim M.Randomized comparison of oralofloxacin alone with combination ofparenteral antibiotics in neu-tropenic febrile patients. Lancet1992; 339(8801):1092-6.
  • 60. Wang F.D., Liu C.Y., Hsu H.C., etal. A comparative study of cefepimeversus ceftazidime as empiric thera-py of febrile episodes in neu-tropenic patients. Chemotherapy1999; 45:370-9.
  • 61. Biron P., Fuhrmann C., Cure H., etal. Cefepime versus imipenem-cilas-tatin as empirical monotherapy in400 febrile patients with shortduration neutropenia: CEMIC. JAntimicrob Chemother 1998;42:511-8.
  • 62. Lindbald R., Rodjer S., Adrians-son M., et al. Empiric monotherapy for febrile neutropenia–a rando-mized study comparing meropenemwith ceftazidime. Scand J Infect Dis1998; 30:237-43.
  • 63. Behre G., Link H., Maschmeyer G.,et al. Meropenem monotherapyversus combination therapy withceftazidime and amikacin for empi-rical treatment of febrile neu-tropenic patients. Ann Hematol1998; 76:73-80.
  • 64. Bohme A., Shah P.M., Stille W., etal. Piperacillin/tazobactam versuscefepime as initial empirical antimi-crobial therapy in febrile neutrope-nia patients: a prospective rando-mized pilot study. Eur J Med Res1998; 3:324-30.
  • 65. Del Favero A., Menichetti F., Mar-tino P., et al. A multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial com-paring piperacillin-tazobactamwith and without amikacin asempiric therapy for febrile neu-tropenia. Clin Infect Dis 2001;33:1295-301.
  • 66. Engervall P., Kalin M., Dorn-busch K., et al. Cefepime as empiri-cal monotherapy in febrile patientswith hematological malignanciesand neutropenia: a randomized, sin-gle-center phase II trail. J Chemo-ther 1999; 11:278-86.
  • 67. Ozyilkan O., Yalcintas U., Bas-kan S. Imipenem-cilastatin versussulbactam-cefoperazoneplusamikacin in the initial treatment offebrile neutropenic cancer patients.Korean J Intern Med 1999;14:15-9.
  • 68. Ramphal R. Is monotherapy forfebrile neutropenia still a viablealternative? Clin Infect Dis 1999;29:508-14.
  • 69. Akova M., Akan H., Korten H., etal. Comparison of meropenem withamikacin plus ceftazidime in theempirical treatment of febrile neu-tropenia: a prospective randomizedmulticentre trial in patients with-out previous prophylactic antibio-tics. Meropenem Study Group ofTurkey. Int J Antimicrob Agents1999; 13:15-9.
  • 70. Yamamura D., Gacalp R., Car-lisle P., et al. Open randomized stu-dy of cefepime versus piperacillin –gentamicin for treatment of febrileneutropenic cancer patients.Antimicrob Agents Chemother1997; 41:1704-8.
  • 71. Cometta A., Calandra T., Gaya H.,et al. Monotherapy with merope-nem versus combination therapywith ceftazidime plus amikacin asempiric therapy for fever in granu-locytopenic patients with cancer.Antimicrob Agents Chemother1996; 40:1108-15.
  • 72. RaadI.I., Abi-Said D., Rol-ston K.V., et al. How should imipe-nem – cilastatin be used in thetreatment of fever and infection inneutropenic cancer patients?Cancer 1998; 82:2449-58.
  • 73. Oblon D., Ramphal R. A randomizedtrial of cefepime vs. ceftazidime asinitial therapy for patients with pro-longed fever and neutropenia afterintensive chemotherapy [abstract].Proceedings of the annual meetingof the American Association forCancer 1993; 34:1362A.
  • 74. Feld R., DePauw B., Berman S., etal. Meropenem versus ceftazidimein the treatment of cancer patientswith febrile neutropenia: arandomized, double-blind trial. JClin Oncol 2000; 18:3690-8.
  • 75. Owens R.C., Owens C.A., HollowayW.J. Reduction in vancomycin con-sumption in patients with fever andneutropenia [abstract 458]. ClinInfect Dis 2000; 31:291.
  • 76. Vandercam B., Gerain J., Hum-blet Y., et al. Meropenem versusceftazidime as empirical monothe-rapy for febrile neutropenicpatients. Ann Hematol 2000;79:152-7.
  • 77. Johnson P.R.E., Liu Yin J.A., To-oth J.A. High dose intravenousciprofloxacin in febrile neutropenicpatients. J Antimicrob Chemother1990; 26:101-7.
  • 78. Johnson P.R., Liu Yin J.A., To-oth J.A. A randomized trial of high-dose ciprofloxacin versus azlocillinand netilmicin in the empiricaltherapy of febrile neutropenicpatients. J Antimicrob Chemother1992; 30:203-14.
  • 79. Winston D.J., Lazarus H.M., Beve-ridge R.A., et al. Randomized, dou-ble-blind multicenter trail compa-ring clinafloxacin with imipenem asempirical monotherapy for febrilegranulocytopenic patients. ClinInfect Dis 2001; 32:381-90.
  • 80. Malik I.A., Abbas Z., Karim M.Randomized comparison of oralofloxacin alone with combination ofparenteral antibiotics in neu-tropenic febrile patients. Lancet1992; 339:1092-6.
  • 81. Meunier F., Zinner S.H., Gaya H.,et al. Prospective randomized eva-luation of ciprofloxacin versuspiperacillin plus amikacin forempiric antibiotic therapy of febrilegranulocytopenic cancer patientswith lymphomas and solid tumor.European Organization forResearch on Treatment of CancerInternational Antimicrobial The-rapy Cooperative Group. Anti-microb Agents Chemother 1991;35:873-8.
  • 82. Klastersky J., Vamecq G., Cap-pel R., Swings G., Vandenborre L.Effects of the combination of gen-tamicin and carbenicillin on thebactericidal activity of serum. JInfect Dis 1972; 125:183-6.
  • 83. Sepkowitz K.A., Brown A.E., Arm-strong D. Empirical therapy forfebrile, neutropenic patients: persis-tence of susceptibility of gram-ne-gative bacilli to aminoglycosideantibiotics. Clin Infect Dis 1994;19:810-1.
  • 84. Brown A.E., Kiehn T.E., ArmstrongD. Bacterial resistance in thepatient with neoplastic disease.Infect Dis Clin Pract 1995; 4:136-44.
  • 85. International Antimicrobial Thera-py Cooperative Group of theEuropean Organization for Rese-arch and Treatment of Cancer.Efficacy and toxicity of single dailydoses of amikacin and ceftriaxoneversus multiple daily doses ofamikacin and ceftazidime for infec-tion in patients with cancer andgranulocytopenia. Ann Intern Med1993; 119:584-93.
  • 86. Diekema D.J., Jones R.N.,Rolston K.V.I. Antimicrobial acti-vity of gatifloxacin compared toseven other compounds testedagainst gram-positive organismsisolated at 10 cancer-treatmentcenters. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis1999; 34:37-43.
  • 87. Rolston K.V.I.,LaBlanc B.M.,Balakrishnan M., et al.In vitro activity of moxifloxacin againstgram-negative isolates from cancerpatients [abstract 2324]. In:Program and abstracts of the 40thInterscience Conference on Anti-microbial Agents and Chemo-therapy (Toronto). Washington,DC: American Society forMicrobiology, 2000.
  • 88. Rolston K.V.I,LeBlanc H.,Ho D.H.In vitroactivity of gati-floxacin against gram-negative iso-lates from cancer patients [abstract359]. Proceedings of the 39thInterscience Conference onAntimicrobial Agents and Chemo-therapy(SanFrancisco).Washington, DC: AmericanSociety for Microbiology, 1999.
  • 89. Papadimitris C., Dimopoulos M.A.,Kostis E., et al. Outpatient treat-ment of neutropenic fever with oralantibiotics and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. Oncology 1999;57:127-30.
  • 90. Peacock J.E., Wade J.C., Laza-rus H.M., et al. Ciprofloxa-cin/piperacillin vs. tobramycin/pi-peracillin as empiric therapy forfever in neutropenic cancer pati-ents, a randomized, double-blindtrial [abstract 373]. Proceedings ofthe 37th Interscience Conferenceon Antimicrob Agents and Chemo-therapy (Toronto). Washington,DC: American Society for Micro-biology, 1997.
  • 91. Chatzinikalaou I., Abi-Said D.,Bodey G.P., et al. Recent experi-ence withPseudomonas aeruginosabacteremia in patients with cancer:retrospective analysis of 245episodes. Arch Intern Med 2000;160:501-9.
  • 92. Centers for Disease Control andPrevention. Recommendations forpreventing the spread of van-comycin resistance: recommenda-tions of the Hospital InfectionControl Practices AdvisoryCommittee (HIC-PAC). MMWRMorb Mortal Wkly Rep 1995;44(RR-12):1-13.
  • 93. Feld R. Vancomycin as part of ini-tial empirical antibiotic therapy forfebrile neutropenia in patients withcancer: pros and cons. Clin InfectDis 1999; 29:503-7.
  • 94. Shenep J.L., Hughes W.T.,Roberson P.K., et al. Vancomycin,ticarcillin, and amikacin comparedwith ticarcillin-clavulanate andamikacin in the empirical treatmentof febrile, neutropenic childrenwith cancer. N Engl J Med 1988;319:1053-8.
  • 95. Elting L.S., Bodey G.P., Keefe B.H.Septicemia and shock syndrome dueto viridans streptococci: a case-con-trol study of predisposing factors.Clin Infect Dis 1992; 14:1201-7.
  • 96. Traub W.H., Spohr M., Bauer D.In vitroadditive effect of imipenemcombined with vancomycin againstmultiple-drug resistant, coagulase-negative staphylococci. ZentralblMikrobiol Hyg [A] 1986; 262:361-9.
  • 97. Harvey W.H., Harvey J.H., Mosko-witz M.J. Ciprofloxacin/vanco-mycin (C/V) as initial empirictherapy in febrile neutropenicleukemia/lymphoma patients (pts)with indwelling venous accessdevices: preliminary results of aneffective regimen with reduced hos-pital stay [abstract A1639]. In:Proceedings of the annual meetingof the American Society of ClinicalOncology, 1994. 13.
  • 98. Kelsey S.M., Shaw E., Newland A.C.Aztreonam plus vancomycin versusgentamicin plus piperacillin asempirical therapy for the treatmentof fever in neutropenic patients: arandomized controlled study. JChemother 1992; 4:107-13.
  • 99. Raad I.I., Whimbey E.E., Rols-ton K.V.I., et al. A comparison ofaztreonam plus vancomycin andimipenem plus vancomycin as ini-tial therapy for febrile neutropeniccancer patients. Cancer 1996;77:1386-94.
  • 100. Ramphal R., Bolger M., Oblon D.J.,et al. Vancomycin is not an essentialcomponent of the initial empirictreatment regimen for febrile neu-tropenic patients receiving cef-tazidime: a randomized prospectivestudy. Antimicrob Agents Chemo-ther 1992; 36:1062-7.
  • 101. Cony-Makhoul P., Brossard G.,Marit G., et al. A prospective studycomparing vancomycin andteicoplanin as second-line empirictherapy for infection in neutropenicpatients. Br J Haematol 1990; 76(Suppl 2):35-40.
  • 102. Pico J.L., Marie J.P., Chiche D., etal. Should vancomycin be usedempirically in febrile patients withprolonged and profound neutrope-nia? Results of a randomized trial.Eur J Med 1993; 2:275-80.
  • 103. Viscoli C., Moroni C., Boni L., etal. Ceftazidime plus amikacin ver-sus ceftazidime plus vancomycin asempiric therapy in febrile neu-tropenic children with cancer. RevInfect Dis 1991; 13:397-404.
  • 104. Rikonen P. Imipenem comparedwith ceftazidime plus vancomycin asinitial therapy for fever in neu-tropenic children with cancer.Pediatr Infect Dis J 1991; 10:918-23.
  • 105. Chow A.W., Jewesson P.J., Kurei-shi A., et al. Teicoplanin versus van-comycin in the empirical treatmentof febrile neutropenic patients. EurJ Haematol Suppl 1993; 54:18-24.
  • 106. Kureishi A., Jewesson P.J., Rubin-ger M., et al. Double-blind compari-son of teicoplanin versus van-comycin in febrile neutropenicpatients receiving concomitanttobramycin and piperacillin: effecton cyclosporin-associated nephro-toxicity. Antimicrob AgentsChemother 1991; 35:2246-52.
  • 107. Rubinstein E., Cammarata S.K.,Oliphant T.H., et al. Linezolid(PNU-100766) versus vancomycinin the treatment of hospitalizedpatients with nosocomial pneumo-nia: a randomized, double-blind,multicenter study. Clin Infect Dis2001; 32:402-12.
  • 108. Freifeld A., Pizzo P. Use of fluoro-quinolones for empirical manage-ment of febrile neutropenia in pedi-atric cancer patients. Pediatr InfectDis J 1997; 16:140-6.
  • 109. Charnas R., Luthi A.R., Ruch W.Once daily ceftriaxone plus amika-cin vs. three times daily ceftazidimeplus amikacin for treatment offebrile neutropenic children withcancer. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1997;16:346-53.
  • 110. Eggimann P., Glauser M.P., AounM., Meunier F., Calandra T. Cefe-pime monotherapy for the empiricaltreatment of fever in granulocy-topenic cancer patients. J Anti-microb Chemother 1993; 32(SupplB):151-63.
  • 111. Bow E.J., Loewen R., Vaughan D. Reduced requirement for antibiotictherapy targeting gram-negativeorganisms in febrile, neutropenicpatients with cancer who arereceiving antibacterial chemopro-phylaxis with oral quinolones. ClinInfect Dis 1995; 20:907-12.
  • 112. Elting L.S., Rubenstein E.B.,Rolston K., et al. Time to clinicalresponse: an outcome of antibiotictherapy of febrile neutropenia withimplications for quality and cost ofcare. J Clin Oncol 2000; 18:3699-706.
  • 113. Mullen C.A., Buchanan G.R. Earlyhospital discharge of children withcancer treated for fever and neu-tropenia: identification and ma-nagement of the low-risk patient. JClin Oncol 1990; 8:1998-2004.
  • 114. Jones G.R., Konsler G.K., Duna-way R.P., et al. Risk factors forrecurrent fever after the disconti-nuation of empiric antibiotic thera-py for fever and neutropenia inpediatric patients with a malignan-cy or hematologic condition. JPediatr 1994; 124:703-8.
  • 115. Griffin T.C., Buchanan G.R. He-matologic predictors of bone mar-row recovery in neutropenicpatients hospitalized for fever:implications for discontinuation ofantibiotics and early discharge fromthe hospital. J Pediatr 1992;121:28-33.
  • 116. Santolaya M.E., Villarroel M.,Avendano L.F., et al. Disconti-nuation of antimicrobial therapyfor febrile, neutropenic childrenwith cancer: a prospective study.Clin Infect Dis 1997; 25:92-7.
  • 117. Woo P.C., Wong S.S., Lum P.N.,et al. Cell-wall deficient bacteriaand culture-negative febrileepisodes in bone marrow recipients.Lancet 2001; 357:675-9.
  • 118. Pizzo P.A., Robichaud K.J.,Gill F.A., Witebsky F.G. Empiricantibiotic and antifungal therapyfor cancer patients with prolongedfever and granulocytopenia. Am JMed 1982; 72:101-11.
  • 119. EORTC International Antimicro-bial Therapy Cooperative ProjectGroup. Empiric antifungal therapyin febrile granulocytopenic pati-ents. Am J Med 1989; 86:668-72.
  • 120. Walsh T.J., Finberg R.W.,Arndt C., et al. Liposomal ampho-tericin B for empirical therapy inpatients with persistent fever andneutropenia. National Institute ofAllergy and Infectious DiseasesMycoses Study Group. N Engl JMed 1999; 340:764-71.
  • 121. Wingard J.R., White M.H., Anais-sie E., et al. A randomized, double-blind comparative trial evaluatingthe safety of liposomal ampho-tericin B versus amphotericin lipidcomplex in the empirical treatmentof febrile neutropenia. Clin InfectDis 2000; 31:1155-63.
  • 122. Fleming R.V., Kantarjian H.M.,Husni R., et al. Comparison ofamphotericin B lipid complex(ABLC) vs. AmBisome in the treat-ment of suspected or documentedfungal infections in patients withleukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2001;40:511-20.
  • 123. Viscoli C., Castagnola E., vanLint M.T., et al. Fluconazole versusamphotericin B as empirical antifun-gal therapy of unexplained fever ingranulocytopenic cancer patients.Eur J Cancer 1996; 32A:814-20.
  • 124. Winston D.J., Hathorn J.W.,Schuster M.G., et al. A multi-centerrandomized trial of fluconazole ver-sus amphotericin B for empiricantifungal therapy of febrile neu-tropenic patients with cancer. Am JMed 2000; 108:282-9.
  • 125. Bow E.J., Laverdiere M., Rot-stein C. A systematic review of theefficacy of azoles and lipid-basedformulations of amphotericin B asempirical antifungal therapy in per-sistently febrile neutropenicpatients despite broad-spectrumantibacterial therapy [abstract]. In:Program and abstracts of the 40thInterscience Conference on Anti-microbial Agents and Chemo-therapy (Toronto). Washington,DC: American Society for Micro-biology, 2000.
  • 126. Boogaerts M., Winston D.J.,Bow E.J., et al. Intravenous andoral itraconazole versus intra-venous amphotericin B deoxycho-late as empirical antifungal therapyfor persistent fever in neutropenicpatients with cancer who arereceiving broad-spectrum antibac-terial therapy: a randomized, con-trolled trial. Ann Intern Med 2001;135:412-22.
  • 127. Pizzo P.A., Robichaud K.J.,Gill F.A., et al. Duration of empiricantibiotic therapy in granulocy-topenic patients with cancer. Am JMed 1979; 67:194-200.
  • 128. Hughes W.T., Patterson G. Post-sepsis prophylaxis in cancer pati-ents. Cancer 1984; 53:137-41.
  • 129. Crane L., Komskian S., Sauber A.,et al. Antibiotic therapy in febrileneutropenic patients: what is theoptimum duration of therapy?[Abstract]. Proceedings of the 28thInterscience Conference on Anti-microbial Agents and Chemothe-rapy (Los Angeles). Washington,DC: American Society for Micro-biology, 1988:114.
  • 130. DeMarie S., Van den Broek P.J.,Willemze R., et al. Strategy forantibiotic therapy in febrile neu-tropenic patients on selectiveantibiotic decontamination. Eur JClin Microbiol Infect Dis 1993;12:897-906.
  • 131. Bash R.O., Katz J.A., Cash J.V., etal. Safety and cost effectiveness ofearly hospital discharge of lowerrisk children with cancer admittedfor fever and neutropenia. Cancer1994; 74:189-96.
  • 132. Joshi J.H., Schimpff S.C., Ten-ney J.H., et al. Can antibacterialtherapy be discontinued in persis-tently febrile granulocytopeniccancer patients? Am J Med 1984;76:450-7.
  • 133. Cornelissen J.J., Rozenberg-Ars-ka M., Dekker A.W. Disconti-nuation of intravenous antibiotictherapy during persistent neu-tropenia in patients receiving pro-phylaxis with oral ciprofloxacin.Clin Infect Dis 1995; 21:1300-2.
  • 134. Santhosh-Kumar C.R., Aja-rim D.S.S., Harakati M.S., et al.Ceftazidime and amikacin as empi-ric treatment of febrile episodes inneutropenic patients in SaudiArabia. J Infect 1992; 25:11-9.
  • 135. Heussel C.P., Hauczor H.U.,Heussel G., et al. Early detection ofpneumonia in febrile Neutropenicpatients: use of thin-section CT.AJR Am J Roentgenol 1997;169:1347-53.
  • 136. Bartley D.L., Hughes W.T., Parvey L.S., et al. Computed tomogra-phy of hepatic and splenic fungalabscesses in leukemic children.Pediatr Infect Dis 1982; 1:317-21.
  • 137. Flynn P.M., Shenep J.L., Craw-ford R., et al. Use of abdominalcomputed tomography for identify-ing disseminated fungal infection inpediatric cancer patients. ClinInfect Dis 1995; 20:964-70.
  • 138. Talbot G.H., Provencher M.,Cassileth P.A. Persistent fever afterrecovery from granulocytopenia inacute leukemia. Arch Intern Med1988; 148:129-35.
  • 139. Baglin T.P., Gray J.J., Mar-cus R.E., Wreghitt T.G. Antibioticresistant fever associated withherpes simplex virusinfection in neu-tropenic patients with haematolo-gical malignancy. J Clin Pathol1989; 42:1255-8.
  • 140. Bhatia S., McCullough J., Per-ry E.H. Granulocyte transfusions:efficacy in treating fungal infec-tions in neutropenic patients fol-lowing bone marrow transplanta-tion. Transfusion 1994; 34:226-32.
  • 141. Catalano L., Fiontana R., Scar-pato N., et al. Combined treatmentwith amphotericin B and granulo-cyte transfusion from G-CSF-sti-mulated donors in an aplasticpatient with invasive aspergillosisundergoing bone marrow trans-plantation. Haematologica 1997;82:71-2.
  • 142. Dignani C.M., Anaissie E.J.,Hester J.P., et al. Treatment of neu-tropenia-related fungal infectionswith granulocyte colony-stimula-ting factor – elicited white bloodcell transfusions: a pilot study.Leukemia 1997; 11:1621-30.
  • 143. Hubel K., Dale D.C., Engert A.,Liles W.C. Current status of granu-locyte (neutrophil) transfusiontherapy for infectious diseases. JInfect Dis 2001; 183:321-8.
  • 144. Riikonen P.,Saarinen U.M.,Makipernaa A. Recombinant hu-man granulocyte-macrophage colo-ny-stimulating factor in the treat-ment of febrile neutropenia: a dou-ble blind placebo-controlled studyin children. Pediatr Infect Dis J1994; 13:197-202.
  • 145. Anaissie E.J., Vartivarian S.,Bodey G.P., et al. Randomizedcomparison between antibioticsalone and antibiotics plus granulo-cyte-macrophage colony-stimula-ting factor (Escherichia coli-derived) in cancer patients withfever and neutropenia. Am J Med1996; 100:17-23.
  • 146. Biesma B., deVries E.G., Wil-lemse P.H. Efficacy and tolerabilityof recombinant human granulo-cyte-macrophage colony-stimula-ting factor in patients withchemotherapy-related leukopeniaand fever. Eur J Cancer 1990;26:932-6.
  • 147. Ravaud A., Chevreau C., Cany L.,et al. Granulocyte-macrophagecolony-stimulating factor inpatients with neutropenic chemo-therapy regimens: results of a ran-domized phase III trial. J ClinOncol 1998; 16:2930-6.
  • 148. Maher D.W., Lieschke G.J., Gre-en M., et al. Filgrastim in patientswith chemotherapy-induced febrileneutropenia–a double-blind, place-bo-controlled trial. Ann InternMed 1994; 121:492-501.
  • 149. Vellenga E., Uyl-de Groot C.A., deWit R., et al. Randomized placebo-controlled trial of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulatingfactor in patients with chemothera-py related febrile neutropenia. JClin Oncol 1996; 14:619-27.
  • 150. Liang D.C., Chen S.H., Lean S.F.Role of granulocyte colony-stimu-lating factor as adjunct therapy forsepticemia in children with acuteleukemia. Am J Hematol 1995;48:76-81.
  • 151. Mitchell P.L.R., Morland B.J.,Dick G., et al. Clinical benefits andcost savings of interventionalG-CSF therapy in patients withfebrile neutropenia followingchemotherapy [abstract]. Blood1995; 86 (Suppl 1): 500A.
  • 152. Mayordomo J.I., Rivera F., Diaz-Puente M.T., et al. Improving treat-ment of chemotherapy-inducedneutropenic fever by administra-tion of colony-stimulating factors. JNatl Cancer Inst 1995; 87:803-8.
  • 153. Mitchell P.L., Morland B., Ste-vens M.C., et al. Granulocytecolony-stimulating factor in estab-lished febrile neutropenia: a ran-domized study of pediatric patients.J Clin Oncol 1997; 15:1163-70.
  • 154. Michon J.M., Hartmann O., Bou-fett E., et al. An open-label, multi-centre, randomised phase 2 study ofrecombinant human granulocytecolony-stimulating factor (filgras-tim) as an adjunct to combinationchemotherapy in paediatric patientswith metastatic neuroblastoma. EurJ Cancer 1998; 34:1063-9.
  • 155. Yoshida M., Karasawa M., Na-ruse T., et al. Effect of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor on empirictherapy with flomoxef sodium andtobramycin in febrile neutropenicpatients with hematological malig-nancies. Kanetsu HematologicalDisease and Infection Study Group.Int J Hematol 1999; 69:81-8.
  • 156. Ozer H., Armitage J.O., Ben-nett C.L., et al. 2000 update of re-commendations for the use ofhematopoietic colony-stimulatingfactors: evidence-based clinicalpractice guidelines. J Clin Oncol2000; 18:3558-85.
  • 157. Hidalgo M., Hornedo J., Lumb-reras C., et al. Lack of ability ofciprofloxacin-rifampin prophylaxisto decrease infection-related mor-bidity in neutropenic patients givencytotoxic therapy and peripheralblood stem cell transplants. Anti-microb Agents Chemother 1997;41:1175-7.
  • 158. Engels E.A., Lau J., Barza M.Efficacy of quinolone prophylaxisin neutropenic cancer patients: ameta-analysis. J Clin Oncol 1998;16:1179-87.
  • 159. Munzo L., Martino R., Subira M.,et al. Intensified prophylaxis offebrile neutropenia with ofloxacinplus rifampin during severe short-duration neutropenia in patientwith lymphoma. Leuk Lymphoma1999; 34:585-9.
  • 160. Hughes W.T.,Rivera G.K.,Schell M.J., et al. Successful inter-mittent chemoprophylaxis forPneumocystis cariniipneumonitis.N Engl J Med 1987; 316:1627-32.
  • 161. Murphy M., Brown A.E., Sepko-witz A., et al. Fluoroquinolone pro-phylaxis for the prevention of bac-terial infections in patients withcancer – is it justified? Clin InfectDis 1997; 25:346-7.
  • 162. Kern W., Kurrle E. Ofloxacin versus trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazolefor prevention of infection in pati-ents with acute leukemia andgranulocytopenia. Infection 1991;19:73-80.
  • 163. Bow E.J., Mandell L.A., Louie T.J.,et al. Quinolone-based chemopro-phylaxis in neutropenic patients:effect of augmented gram-positiveactivity on infectious morbidity.Ann Intern Med 1996; 125:183-90.
  • 164. Harvathova Z., Spanik S., Sufliar-sky J., et al. Bacteremia due tomethicillin-resistant staphylococcioccurs more frequently in neu-tropenia patients who receivedantimicrobial prophylaxis and isassociated with higher mortality incomparison of methicillin-sensitivebacteremia. Int J AntimicrobAgents 1998; 10:55-8.
  • 165. International Antimicrobial The-rapy Cooperative Group of theEuropean Organization for Rese-arch and Treatment and Cancer.Reduction of fever and streptococ-cal bacteremia in granulocytopenicpatients with cancer: a trial of oralpenicillin V or placebo combinedwith pefloxacin. JAMA 1994;272:1183-9.
  • 166. Goodman J.L.,Winston D.J.,Greenfield A., et al. A controlledtrial of fluconazole to prevent fun-gal infections in patients undergo-ing bone marrow transplantation. NEngl J Med 1992; 326:845-51.
  • 167. Ellis M.E., Clink H., Ernst P., et al.Controlled study of fluconazole inthe prevention of fungal infectionsin neutropenic patients withhaematological malignancies andbone marrow transplant recipients.Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis1994; 13:3-11.
  • 168. Marr K.A., Seidel K., White T.C.,et al. Candidemia in allogenic bloodand marrow transplant recipients:evolution of risk factors after theadoption of prophylactic flucona-zole. J Infect Dis 2000; 181:309-16.
  • 169. Wingard J.R., Merz W.G., Rinal-di M.G., et al. Increase inCandidakruseiinfection among patientswith bone marrow transplantationand neutropenia treated prophylac-tically with fluconazole. N Engl JMed 1991; 325:1274-7.
  • 170. Rotstein C., Bow E.G., Laver-diere M., et al. Randomized place-bo-controlled trial of fluconazoleprophylaxis for neutropenicpatients: benefit based on purposeand intensity of cytotoxic therapy.Clin Infect Dis 1999; 28:331-40.
  • 171. Centers for Disease Control andPrevention. Guidelines for preven-ting opportunistic infections amonghematopoetic stem cell transplantrecipients—recommendations ofCDC, the Infectious Diseases Soci-ety of America, and the AmericanSociety of Blood and Transplan-tation. MMWR Morb MortalWkly Rep 2000; 49(RR-10):1-125.
  • 172. Menichetti F., Flavero A.D.,Martion P., et al. Itraconazole oralsolution as prophylaxis for fungalinfections in neutropenic patientswith hematologic malignancies: arandomized, placebo-controlled,double-blind, multicenter trial.Clin Infect Dis 1999; 28:250-5.
  • 173. Nucci M., Biasoli I., Akiti T., et al.A double-blind, randomized, place-bo-controlled trial of itraconazolecapsules as antifungal prophylaxisfor neutropenic patients. ClinInfect Dis 2000; 30:300-5.
  • 174. Bow E.J., Laverdiere M., Lus-sier N., Rotstein C. Antifungal pro-phylaxis in neutropenic patients: ameta-analysis of randomized-con-trolled trials [abstract 339A].Blood 1999; 94(Suppl 1):339A.
  • 175. Rolston K.V.I. Outpatient mana-gement of febrile, neutropenicpatients. Infections in Medicine1995; 12:12-5.
  • 176. Talcott J.A., Whalen A., Clark J.Home antibiotic therapy for low-risk cancer patients with fever andneutropenia: a pilot study of 30patients based on a validated pre-diction rule. J Clin Oncol 1994;12:107-14.
  • 177. DiNubile M.J. Stopping antibiotictherapy in neutropenic patients.Ann Intern Med 1988; 108:289-92.
  • 178. Lau R.C., Doyle J.J., Freed-man M.H., et al. Early discharge ofpediatric febrile neutropenic cancerpatients by substitution of oral forintravenous antibiotics. J PediatrHematol Oncol 1994; 11:417-21.
  • 179. Mullen C.A., Petropoulos D., Ro-berts W.M., et al. Economic andresource utilization analysis of out-patient management of fever andneutropenia in low-risk pediatricpatients with cancer. J PediatrHematol Oncol 1999; 21:212-8.
  • 180. DeLalla F. Antibiotic treatment offebrile episodes in neutropenic can-cer patients: clinical and economicconsiderations. Drugs 1997;53:789-804.
  • 181. Klastersky J. Current attitudes fortherapy for febrile neutropenia withconsideration to cost-effectiveness.Curr Opin Oncol 1998; 10:284-90.
  • 182. Gibson J., Johnson L., Snowdon L.,et al. A randomized dosage study ofceftazidime with single dailytobramycin for the empirical mana-gement of febrile neutropenia inpatients with hematological dise-ases. Int J Hematol 1994; 60:119-27.
  • 183. Lyman G.H., Kuderer N.M., Bla-ducci L. Economic impact of granu-lopoiesis stimulating agents on themanagement of febrile neutropenia.Curr Opin Oncol 1998; 10:291-6.
Views
0 Abstract
0 PDF
0 Crossref citations
Shared