Role of Helicobacter pylori in Human Pathology

Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2002; 4(2):128-145

​ Schkitin V.A., Schpirna A.I., Starovoytov G.N.
Helicobacter pylori microbiology pathogenicity immunity chronic gastritis peptic ulcer gastric cancer
Section
Diseases and Pathogens
Type
Journal article
Publication
Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2002; 4(2):128-145

Abstract

Helicobacter pylori is one of the most common pathogens in humans. H.pylori associated gastric diseases include chronic gastritis, gastric and duodenal peptic ulcer; moreover, role of this microorganism as a causative factor in the development of MALT-lymphoma and gastric cancer is also under consideration. This article presents microbiological properties of H.pylori and specific interactions between host and microorganism; molecular basis of pathogenicity are described. Local and systemic immune responses to the H.pylori infection are emphasized. Mechanisms of the development of gastric and duodenal peptic ulcer are discussed. The data, regarding the role of H.pylori as a risk factor for gastric cancer are reviewed.

  • 1. Ивашкин В.Т., Лапина Т.Л. Гастроэнтерология XXI века. РМЖ 2000; 17:697-703.
  • 2. Аруин Л.И., Капуллер Л.Л., Исаков В.А. Морфологическая диагностика болезней желудка и кишечника. Москва: Триада-Х; 1998.
  • 3. Periti P., Tonelli F., Capurso L., Nicoletti P. Managing Helicobacter pylori infection in the new millennium: a review. J Chemotherapy 1999; 11(Suppl 4):3-55.
  • 4. Marshall B.J. Unidentified curved bacilli on gastric epithelium in active chronic gastritis. Lancet 1983; 1:1273-5.
  • 5. Marshall B.J., McGechie D.B., Rogers P.A., Glancy R.J. Pyloric campylobacter infection and gastroduodenal disease. Med J Aust 1985; 142:436-9.
  • 6. Goodwin C.S., Armstrong J.A., Chilvers T., et al. Transfer of Campylobacter pylori and Campylobacter mustelae to Helicobacter gen. nov. as Helicobacter pylori comb. nov. and Helicobacter mustelae comb. nov., respectively. Int J System Bacteriol 1989; 39:397-405.
  • 7. Ernst P.B., Gold B.D. The Disease Spectrum of Helicobacter pylori: the immunopathogenesis of gastroduodenal ulcer and gastric cancer. Ann Rev Microbiol 2000; 54:615-40.
  • 8. Blaser M.J. Clinical review. Science, medicine, and the future. Helicobacter pylori and gastric diseases. BMJ 1998; 316:1507-10.
  • 9. Feldman R.A., Eccersley A.J.P., Hardie J.M. Epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori: acquisition, transmission, population prevalence and disease-to-infection ratio. Brit Med Bull 1998; 54:39-53.
  • 10. Blaser M. Ecology of Helicobacter pylori in Human stomach. J Clin Invest 1997; 100:759-62.
  • 11. Баранская Е.К. Язвенная болезнь и инфекция Helicobacter pylori. БОП 2000; 1:8-14.
  • 12. Bode G., Mauch F., Malfertheiner P. The coccoid forms of Helicobacter pylori. Criteria for their viability. Epidemiol Infect 1993; 111:483-90.
  • 13. Williams C.L. Helicobacter pylori: bacteriology and laboratory diagnosis. J Infect 1997; 34:1-5.
  • 14. Scott D., Weeks D., Melchers K., Sachs G. The life and death of Helicobacter pylori. Gut 1998; 43 (Suppl 1): S56-S60.
  • 15. Mobley H.L.T. Helicobacter pylori factors associated with disease development. Gastroenterology 1997; 113:S21-8.
  • 16. Armstrong J.A., Wee S.H., Goodwin C.S., Wilson D.H. Response of Campylobacter pylori to antibiotics, bismuth and an acid-reducing agent in vitro – an ultrastructural study. J Med Microbiol 1987; 24:343-50.
  • 17. Stratton C.W. Mechanisms of action for antimicrobial agents: general principles and mechanisms for selected classes of antibiotics. In: Lorian V. Antibiotics in Laboratory Medicine, fourth edition. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1996. p. 579-603.
  • 18. Goodwin C.S., McCulloch R.K., Armstrong J.A., Wee S.H. Unusual cellular fatty acids and distinctive ultrastructure in a new spiral bacterium (Campylobacter pylori) from the human gastric mucosa. J Med Microbiol 1987; 19:257-67.
  • 19. Vaara M., Vaara T. Polycations as outer membrane-disorganizing agents. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1983; 24:114-22.
  • 20. Vaara M., Vaara T. Polycations sensitize enteric bacteria to antibiotics. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1983; 24:107-13.
  • 21. Окороков А.Н. Диагностика болезней внутренних органов. Т. 1. Москва: Мед лит; 1999.
  • 22. Пиманов С.И. Эзофагит, гастрит и язвенная болезнь. Москва: Мед кн; 2000.
  • 23. Bjorkholm B., Zhukhovitsky V., Lofman C., et al. Helicobacter pylori Entry into human gastric epithelial cells: a potential determinant of virulence, persistence, and treatment failures. Helicobacter 2000; 5:148-54.
  • 24. Cole S.P., Cirillo D., Kagnoff M.F., et al. Coccoid and spiral Helicobacter pylori differ in their abilities to adhere to gastric epithelial cells and induce interleukin-8 secretion. Infect Immun 1997; 65:843-6.
  • 25. Shimoyama T., Crabtree J.E. Bacterial factors and immune pathogenesis in Helicobacter pylori infection. Gut 1998; 43(Suppl 1):S2-S5.
  • 26. Solnick J.V., Schauer D.B. Emergence of diverse Helicobacter species in the pathogenesis of gastric and enterohepatic diseases. Clin Microbiol Rev 2001; 14:59-97.
  • 27. Atherton J.C. H. pylori virulence factors. Br Med Bull 1998; 54:105-20.
  • 28. Figura N. Are Helicobacter pylori differences important in the development of Helicobacter pylori-related diseases? Ital J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1997; 29:367-74.
  • 29. Leunk R.D., Johnson P.T., David В.С., et al. Cytotoxic activity in broth-culture filtrates of Campylobacter pylori. J Med Microbiol 1988; 26:93-9.
  • 30. Van Doorn L.-J., Figueiredo C., Megraud F., et al. Geographic distribution of vacA allelic types of Helicobacter pylori. Gastroenterology 1999; 116:823-30.
  • 31. Torres A., Perez-Perez G., Goreia Buey M., Pajares J. Immunological adhesion molecules on gastric mucosa. Does H. pylori, and specifically сagA+ strains influence its expression? Gut 1995; 37 (Suppl 1):A34.
  • 32. Atherton J.C., Peek R.M., Tham K.T., et al. Quantitative culture of Helicobacter pylori in gastric antrum: association of bacterial density with duodenal ulcer status and infection with cagA positive bacterial strains, and negative association with serum IgG levels. Am J Gastroenterol. 1994; 89:1322.
  • 33. Evans D.G., Queiroz D.M.M., Mendes E.N., Evans D.J.Jr. Helicobacter pylori cagA status and s and m alleles of vacA in isolates from individuals with a variety of H. pylori-associated gastric diseases. J Clin Microbiol 1998; 36:3435-7.
  • 34. Yamaoka Y., El-Zimaity H.M.T., Gutierrez O., et al. Relationship Between the cagA 3' Repeat Region of Helicobacter pylori, Gastric Histology, and Susceptibility to Low pH. Gastroenterology 1999; 117:342-9.
  • 35. Parsonnet J., Friedman G.D., Orentreich N., Vogelman H. Risk for gastric cancer in people with cagA positive or cagA negative Helicobacter pylori infection. Gut 1997; 40:297-301.
  • 36. Holton J., Vaira D., Menegatti M., Miglioli M., editors. Helicobacter pylori therapy – advances and opportunities. Milano: Mosby-Wolfe; 1998.
  • 37. Figura N. Determinants of pathogenicity of Helicobacter pylori. J Chemother 1999; 11 (Suppl 2):22.
  • 38. Пасечников В.Д., Чуков С.З. Значение геномной гетерогенности штаммов Helicobacter pylori в развитии ассоциированной патологии гастродуоденальной зоны. Рос журн гастроэнтерол гепатол колопроктол 2000; 3:7-11.
  • 39. Donahue J.P., Peek R.M., van Doorn L.-J., et al. Analysis of iceA1 transcription in Helicobacter pylori. Helicobacter 2000; 5:1-12.
  • 40. Gunn M.C., Stephens J.C., Stewart J.D., Rathbone B.J. Detection and typing of the virulence determinants cagA and vacA of Helicobacter pylori directly from biopsy DNA: are in vitro strains representative of in vivo strains? Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1998; 10:683-7.
  • 41. Figura N. Helicobacter pylori exotoxins and gastroduodenal diseases associated with cytotoxic strain infection. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1996; 10 (Suppl 1):79-96.
  • 42. Atherton J.C., Cao P., Peek P.M. Mosaicism in vacuolating cytotoxin alleles of Helicobacter pylori. Association of specific vacA types with cytotoxin production and peptic ulceration. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:17771-7.
  • 43. Sipponen P. Helicobacter pylori gastritis-epidemiology. J Gastroenterol 1997; 32:273-7
  • 44. Григорьев П.Я., Яковенко Э.П. Helicobacter pylori: гастрит, дуоденит (гастродуоденит), язвенная болезнь и другие геликобактер-ассоциированные заболевания. По материалам 12-го международного форума по изучению гастродуоденальной патологии и Helicobacter pylori. 2–4 сентября 1999 года. Хельсинки. Рос гастроэнтерол журн 1999; 4:38-42.
  • 45. Parsonnet J. Helicobacter pylori: the size of the problem. Gut 1998; 43 (Suppl 1):S6-S9.
  • 46. Vandenplas Y. Helicobacter pylori infection. Clin Microbiol Infect 1999; 5:1-11.
  • 47. Справочник практического врача по гастроэнтерологии. Под ред. В.Т. Ивашкина, С.И. Рапопорта. Москва: Советский спорт; 1999. 432 c.
  • 48. Reprogle M.L., Glaser S.L., Hiatt R.A., et al. Biological sex as a risk factor for Helicobacter pylori infection in healthy young adults. Am J Epidemiol 1995; 142:856-63.
  • 49. Gill H.H., Desai H.G. Helicobacter pylori and gastroduodenal disorders in India-lessons from epidemiology. J Clin Gastroenterol 1993; 16:6-9.
  • 50. Dominici P., Bellentani S., Di Biase A.R., et al. Familial clustering of Helicobacter pylori infection: population based study. BMJ 1999; 319:537-41.
  • 51. Hildebrand P., Meyer-Wyss B.M., Mossi S., Beglinger C. Risk among gastroenterologists of acquiring Helicobacter pylori infection: case-control study. BMJ 2000; 321:149.
  • 52. Rappuoli R. Vaccination against stomach ulcers caused by Helicobacter pylori. Proceedings of the 9th European Congress of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Berlin, March 21–24, 1999. Clin Microbiol Infect 1999; 5 (Suppl 3):44.
  • 53. Bogder К., Crabtree J.E. Helicobacter pylori and gastric inflammation. Brit Med Bull 1998; 54:139-50.
  • 54. Marshall B.J. Helicobacter pylori: the etiologic agent for peptic ulcer. JAMA 1995; 274:1064-6.
  • 55. Kuipers E.J. Review article: relationship between Helicobacter pylori, atrophic gastritis and gastric cancer. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1998; 12 (Suppl 1):25-36.
  • 56. Du M.-Q., Isaacson P.G. Recent advances in our understanding of the biology and pathogenesis of gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma – Review. FORUM Trends Exp Clin Med 1998; 8:162-73.
  • 57. Raiha I., Kemppainen H., Kaprio J., et al. Lifestyle, stress, and genes in peptic ulcer disease: a Nationwide Twin Cohort Study. Arch Intern Med 1998; 158:698-704.
  • 58. Henriksson A.E., Edman A.C., Nilsson I., Bergquist D., Wadstrom T. Helicobacter pylori and the relation to other risk factors in patients with acute bleeding peptic ulcer. Scand J Gastroenterol 1998; 33:1030-3.
  • 59. Levenstein S. Stress and peptic ulcer: life beyond helicobacter. BMJ 1998; 316:538-41.
  • 60. Correa P., Schmidt B.A. The relationship between gastric cancer frequency and the ratio of gastric to duodenal ulcer. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1995; 9 (Suppl 2):13-9.
  • 61. Cheng Y., Macera C.A., Davis D.R., Blair S.N. Physical activity and peptic ulcers. West J Med 2000; 173:101-7.
  • 62. Mizushima T., Sugiyama T., Kobayashi T., et al. Decreased adherence of cagG-deleted Helicobacter pylori to gastric epithelial cells in Japanese clinical isolates. Helicobacter 2002; 7:22-9.
  • 63. Dunn B.E., Vakil N.B., Schneider B.G., et al. Localization of Helicobacter pylori urease and heat shock protein homolog in human gastric biopsies. Infect Immun 1997; 65:1181-8.
  • 64. Bell G.D. Clinical practice – breath tests. Br Med Bull 1998; 54:187-93.
  • 65. Icatlo F.C., Goshima H., Kimura N., Kodama Y. AcidDependent Adherence of Helicobacter pylori Urease to Diverse Polysaccharides. Gastroenterology 2000; 119:358-67.
  • 66. Berger A. Scientists discover how helicobacter survives gastric acid. BMJ 2000; 320:268.
  • 67. Oderda G., Dellollio D., Form O., et al. Mucus gel layer adherent to gastric mucosa in children with Helicobacter pylori gastritis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1991; 3 (Suppl 1):58.
  • 68. Shimizu Т., Akamatsu Т., Sugiyama A., et al. Helicobacter pylori and the surface mucus gel layer of the human stomach. Helicobacter 1996; 1:207-18.
  • 69. Byrd J.C., Yunker C.K., Xu Q.-S., Sternberg L.R., Bresalier R.S. Inhibition of Gastric Mucin Synthesis by Helicobacter pylori. Gastroenterology 2000; 118:1072-9.
  • 70. Dorrell N., Martino M. C., Stabler R. A., et al. Characterization of Helicobacter pylori PldA, a phospholipase with a role in colonization of the gastric mucosa. Gastroenterology 1999; 117:1098-104.
  • 71. Moran A.P. The role of lipopolysacchande in Helicobacter pylory pathogenesis. Aliment Phatmacol Ther 1996; 10 (Suppl 1):57-64.
  • 72. Keates S., Keates A.C., Warny M., et al. Differential Activation of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases in AGS Gastric Epithelial Cells by cag+ and cagHelicobacter pylori. J Immunology 1999; 163:5552-9.
  • 73. Van den Brink G.R., ten Kate F.J., Ponsioen C.Y., Rive M.M., Tytgat G.N., van Deventer S.J., Peppelenbosch M.P. Expression and Activation of NF-B in the Antrum of the Human Stomach. J Immunology 2000; 164:3353-9.
  • 74. Thanos D, Maniatis T. NF-kappa B: a lesson in family values. Cell 1995; 80:529-32.
  • 75. Rieder G., Einsiedl W., Hatz R.A., et al. Comparison of CXC chemokines ENA-78 and interleukin-8 expression in Helicobacter pylori-associated gastritis. Infection and Immunity 2001; 69:81-8.
  • 76. Peek R.M. Microbes and microbial toxins: paradigms for microbial-mucosal interactions. Helicobacter pylori strainspecific activation of signal transduction cascades related to gastric inflammation. AJP – GI 2001; 280 (4): G525-30.
  • 77. Моblеу Н. The role of Helicobacter pylori urease in the pathogenesis of gastritis and peptic ulceration. Alim Pharmacol Ther 1996; 10 (Suppl 1):57-64.
  • 78. Yoshida N., Granger D.N., Evans D.J., et al. Mechanisms involved in Helicobacter pylori-induced inflammation. Gastroenterology 1993; 105:1431-40.
  • 79. Kirn J.S., Jung Н.С., Kirn J.M., Song I.S., Kirn C.Y. Interleukin-8 expression by human neutrophils activated by Helicobacter pylori soluble proteins. Scand J Gastroenterol 1998; 33:1249-55.
  • 80. Kurose I., Granger D., Evans D.J., et al. Helicobacter pylori-induced microvascular protein leakage in rats: role of neutrophils, mast cells, and platelets. Gastroenterology 1994; 107:70-9.
  • 81. Crabtree J. Gastric mucosal inflammatory responses to Helicobacter pylori. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1996; 10 (Suppl l):29-37.
  • 82. Кононов А.В. Местный иммунный ответ на инфекцию Helicobacter pylori. Материалы 7-й сессии Российской группы по изучению Helicobacter pylori. Омск; 1997. c. 14-9.
  • 83. Makristathis A., Rokita E., Labigne A., et al. Highly significant role of Helicobacter pylori urease in phagocytosis and production of oxygen metabolites by human granulocytes. J Infect Dis 1998; 177:803-6.
  • 84. Маянский А.Н., Маянский Д.Н. Очерки о нейтрофиле и макрофаге. Новосибирск; 1989.
  • 85. Новиков Д.К., Новикова В.И. Оценка иммунного статуса. Москва; 1996.
  • 86. Rautemaa R., Rautelin H., Puolakkainen P., et al. Survival of Helicobacter pylori from complement lysis by binding of GPI-anchored protectin (CD59). Gastroenterology 2001; 120:470-9.
  • 87. Kirkland T.S., Viriyakosol S., Perez-Perez G.I., Blaser M.J. Helicobacter pylori lipopolysaccharide can activate 70Z/3 cells via CD 14. Infect Immun 1997; 65:604-8.
  • 88. Kobayashi К., Sakamoto J., Kito T., et al. Lewis blood group-related antigen expression in normal gastric epithelium, intestinal metaplasia, gastric adenoma and gastric carcinoma. Am J Gastroenterol 1993; 88:919-24.
  • 89. Wirth H.P., Yang M., Peek R.M., Tham K.T., Blaser M.J. Helicobacter pylori Lewis expression is related to the host Lewis phenotype. Gastroenterology 1997; 113:1091-8.
  • 90. Appelmelk B.J., Faller G., Claeys D., Kirchner T., Vandenbroucke-Grauls CMJE. Bugs on trial: the case of Helicobacter pylori and autoimmunity. Trends Immunol Today 1998; 19:296-9.
  • 91. Taylor D.E., Rasko D.A., Sherburne R., Ho C., Jewell L.D. Lack of correlation between Lewis antigen Expression by Helicobacter pylori and gastric epithelial cells in infected patients. Gastroenterology 1998; 115:1113-22.
  • 92. Hynes S.O., Broutet N., Wadstrom T., et al. Phenotypic variation of Helicobacter pylori isolates from geographically distinct regions detected by lectin typing. J Clin Microbiol 2002; 40:227-32.
  • 93. Fan X.G., Yakoob J., Fan X.J., Keeling P.W. Enhanced Thelper 2 lymphocyte responses: immune mechanism of Helicobacter pylori infection. Ir J Med Sci 1996; 165:37-9.
  • 94. Соколов Е.И., Глан П.В., Гришина Т.И. Клиническая иммунология. Москва: Медицина; 1998.
  • 95. Radcliff F., Ramsay A., Lee A. Is a mixed Thl/Th2 response necessary for effective immunity against Helicobacter? Gut 1997; 41 (Suppl l):A60.
  • 96. Ren Z., Pang G., Lee R., et al. Circulating T-cell response to Helicobacter pylori infection in chronic gastritis. Helicobacter; 5:135-41.
  • 97. Fan X.J., Chua A., Shahi C.N., et al. Gastric Т lymphocyte responses to Helicobacter pylori in patients with H. pylori colonisation. Gut 1994; 35:1379-84.
  • 98. Berstad A., Valnes К., Brandtzaeg P. Mucosal IgA-producing cells show reduced J-chain expression in chronic gastritis. Gut 1997; 41 (Suppl l):A18-9.
  • 99. Watanabe Т., Goto H., Arisawa T., et al. Local immune response in Helicobacter pylori-infected gastric mucosa: investigation of Hp-specific IgA in gastric juice. Gut 1997; 41 (Suppl 1):A62.
  • 100. Mattapallil J.J., Dandekar S., Canfield D.R., Solnick J.V. A predominant Th1 type of immune response is induced early during acute Helicobacter pylori infection in rhesus macaques. Gastroenterology 2000; 118:307-15.
  • 101. Kirchner T., Steininger H., Faller G. Immunopathology of Helicobacter pylori gastritis. Digestion 1997; 58 (Suppl 1):14-6.
  • 102. Watanabe T., Goto H., Arisawa T., et al. Relationship between local immune response to Helicobacter pylori and the diversity of disease: investigation of H. pylorispecific IgA in gastric juice. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1997; 12:660-5.
  • 103. Gooz M., Hammond C.E., Larsen K., Mukhin Y.V., Smolka A.J. Inhibition of human gastric H+-K+-ATPasesubunit gene expression by Helicobacter pylori. AJP – GI 2000; 278 (6):G981-91.
  • 104. Weigert N., Schaffer K., Schusdziarra V., et al. Gastrin secretion from primary cultures of rabbit antral G cells: stimulation by inflammatory cytokines. Gastroenterology 1996; 110:147-54.
  • 105. Lehmann F.S., Golodner E.H., Wang J., et al. Mononuclear cells and cytokines stimulate gastrin release from canine antral cells in primary culture. Am J Physiol 1996; 270 (5 Pt I): G783-8.
  • 106. Chowers M.Y., Keller N., Tal R., et al. Human gastrin: a Helicobacter pylori-specific growth factor. Gastroenterology 1999; 117:1113-8.
  • 107. Zavros Y., Reider G., Ferguson A., et al. Hypergastrinemia in response to gastric inflammation suppresses somatostatin. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2002; 282:175-83.
  • 108. Konagaya Т., Kusugami K., Nishio Y., et al. Negative correlation between somatostatin levels and interleukin-8 activity in gastric antral mucosa. Gut 1997; 41 (Suppl 1):A24.
  • 109. Sumii M., Sumii K., Tari A., et al. Expression of antial gastrin and somatostatin mRNA in Helicobacter pyloriinfected subjects. Am J Gastroenterol 1994; 89:1515-9.
  • 110. Yamashita K., Kanero H., Yamamoto S., et al. Inhibitory effect of somatostatin on Helicobacter pylori proliferation in vitro. Gastroenterology 1998; 115:1123-30.
  • 111. Bechi P., Romagnoli P., Bacci S., et al. Helicobacter pylori and duodenal ulcer: evidence for a histamine pathwaysinvolving link. Am J Gastroenterol 1996; 91:2338-43.
  • 112. Peterson W.L. Gastrin and acid in relation to Helicobacter pylori. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1996; 10 (Suppl 1):97-102.
  • 113. El-Оmаr E., Penman L., Dorrian C.A., et al. Eradicating Helicobacter pylori infection lowers gastrin mediated acid secretion by two thirds in patients with duodenal ulcer. Gut 1993; 34:1060-5.
  • 114. Laszewicz W., Gabryelewicz A., Zaremba-Woroniecka A. Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric secretion in duodenal and gastric ulcer patients – the effect of eradication after one year. J Physiol Pharmacol 1997; 48:353-64.
  • 115. Moss S.F., Calam J. Acid secretion and sensitivity to gastrin in patients with duodenal ulcer: effect of eradication of Helicobacter pylori. Gut 1993; 34:888-92.
  • 116. Зверков И.В., Исаков В.А., Аруин Л.И. Helicobacter pylori, эндокринные клетки слизистой оболочки желудка и их функция при язвенной болезни двенадцатиперстной кишки. Арх пат 1996; 1:33-7.
  • 117. Queiroz D.M., Mendes E.N., Rocha G.A., et al. Effect of Helicobacter pylori eradication on antral gastrin and somatostatin-immunoreactive cell density and gastrin and somatostatin concentrations. Scand J Gastroenterol 1993; 28:858-64.
  • 118. Sugamata M., Ihara Т., Todate A., et al. Ultrastructural study of antral G cells in patients with duodenal ulcers: effect of Helicobacter pylori eradication. Helicobacter 1997; 2:118-22.
  • 119. Webb P. M., Crabtree J. E., Forman D., and the Eurogast Study Group. Gastric Cancer, Cytotoxin-associated gene A-positive Helicobacter pylori, and serum pepsinogens: an international study. Gastroenterology 1999; 116:269-76.
  • 120. Fu S., Ramanujam K.S., Wong A., Fantry G.T., et al. Increased expression and cellular localization of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase 2 in Helicobacter pylori gastrit. Gastroenterology 1999; 116:1319-29.
  • 121. Murakami K., Fujioka Т., Kodama R., et al. Helicobacter pylori infection accelerates human gastric mucosal cell proliferation. J Gastroenterol 1997; 32:184-8.
  • 122. Peek P.M., Moss S.F. Tham K.T., et al. Helicobacter pylori cagA+ strains and dissociation of gastric epithelial cell proliferation from apoptosis. J Natl Cancer Inst 1997; 89:863-8.
  • 123. Konturek P.C. Physiological, immunohistochemical and molecular aspects of gastric adaptation to stress, aspirin and to H. pylori-derived gastrotoxins. J Physiol Pharmacol 1997; 48:3-42.
  • 124. Moss S.F., Calam J., Aganval B., et al. Induction of gastric epithelial apoptosis by Helicobacter pylori. Gut 1996; 38:498-501.
  • 125. Mannick E.E., Bravo L.E., Zarama G., et al. Inducible nitric oxide synthase, nitrotyrosine, and apoptosis in Helicobacter pylori gastritis: effect of antibiotics and antioxidants. Cancer Res 1996; 56:3238-43.
  • 126. Stolte M., Kroher C., Meining A., et al. A comparison of Helicobacter pylori and H. heilmannii gastritis. A matched control study involving 404 patients. Scand J Gastroenterol 1997; 32:28-33.
  • 127. Sung J.J.Y., Lin S.-R., Ching J.Y.L., Zhou L.-Y., To K.F., Wang R.-T., et al. Atrophy and intestinal metaplasia one year after cure of H. pylori infection: a Prospective, randomized study. Gastroenterology 2000; 119:7-14.
  • 128. Kuipers E.J. Helicobacter pylori, MALT lymphoma and gastric cancer. J Chemother 1999; 11 (Suppl 2):25.
  • 129. International Agency for Research on Cancer, Schistosomes, liver flukes and Helicobacter pylori. IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to human. 1994; 61.
  • 130. Moron A.P. The role of lipopolysaccharide in Helicobacter pylori pathogenesis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1996; 10 (Suppl 1):39-50.
  • 131. Michetti M., Kelly C. P., Kraehenbuhl J.-P., Bouzourene H., Michetti P. Gastric mucosal 47-integrinpositive CD4 T lymphocytes and immune protection against Helicobacter infection in mice. Gastroenterology 2000; 119:109-18.
  • 132. Zhang Q.B., Nakshabendi I.M., Mokhashi M.S., et al. Association of cytotoxin production and neutrophil activation by strains of Helicobacter pylori isolated from patients with peptic ulceration and chronic gastritis. Gut 1996; 38:841-5.
  • 133. Yoshida N., Granger D.N., Evans D.G., et al. Mechanisms involved in Helicobacter pylori-induced inflammation. Gastroenterology 1993; 105:1431-40.
  • 134. Kalia N., Jacob S., Brown N.J., et al. Studies on gastric mucosal microcirculation. Helicobacter pylori water soluble extracts induce platelet aggregation in gastric mucosal microcirculation in vivo. Gut 1997; 41:748-52.
  • 135. Li H., Mellgard В., Helander H. Inoculation of VacAand CagA Helicobacter pylori delays gastric ulcer healing in rat. Scand J Gastroenterol 1997; 32:439-44.
  • 136. Аруин Л.И. Роль Helicobacter pylori в формировании морфологического субстрата язвенной болезни. Материалы 8-й сессии Российской группы по изучению Helicobacter pylori. Уфа; 1999. с. 7-11.
  • 137. Konturek P., Steininger H., Taut A. H. pylori (Hp) induces apoptosis through activation of bax and down regulation of bcl-2. Gut 1998; 43 (Suppl 2):26.
  • 138. Endo H., Tsukamoto Y., Arisawa T., et al. Effects of intragastric ammonia on collagen metabolism of gastric ulcer base in rats. Digestion 1996; 57:411-9.
  • 139. Konturek J.W., Konturek S.J. Domschke W. Eradication of Helicobacter pylori restores the inhibitory effect of cholecystokinin on gastric motility in duodenal ulcer patients. Gut 1997; 41 (Suppl 1):A16.
  • 140. McColl K.E.L. Helicobacter pylori, gastric acid, and duodenal gastric metaplasia. Gut 1996; 39:615-16.
  • 141. Hamlet A., Thoreson A.-C., Nilsson O., Svennerholm A.M., Olbe L. Duodenal Helicobacter pylori infection differs in cagA genotype between asymptomatic subjects and patients with duodenal ulcers. Gastroenterology 1999; 116:259-68.
  • 142. Lee A., Van Zanten S.V. The aging stomach or the stomachs of the ages. Changing gastric acid secretion. The key to Helicobacter pylori and gastroduodenal disease. Gut 1997; 41:575-6.
  • 143. Haruma K., Okamoto S., Kawaguchi H., et al. Reduced incidence Helicobacter pylori infection in young Japanese persons between the 194 and 1990s. J Clin Gastroenterol 1997; 25:583-6.
  • 144. Goodwin C.S., Mendall M.M., Northfield T.C. Helicobacter pylori infection. Lancet 1997; 349:265-9.
  • 145. Bor-Shyang S., Chih-Hsein С., Hsiao-Bai Y., Shu-Chu S., Xi-Zhang L. Heavy bacterial loads of H. pylori may precipitate duodenal ulcer bleeding but not bleeding severity. Hepato-Gastroenterol 1998; 45:2165-70.
  • 146. Webb P.M., Yu M.C., Forman D. An apparent lack of association between Helicobacter pylori infection and risk of gastric cancer in China. Int J Cancer 1996; 67:603-7.
  • 147. Goldblum J.R., Richter J.E., Vaezi M., et al. Helicobacter pylori infection, not gastroesophageal reflux, is the major cause of inflammation and intestinal metaplasia of gastric cardiac mucosa. Am J Gastroenterol 2002; 97:302-11.
  • 148. Crabtree J.E. Gastric mucosal inflammatory responses to Helicobacter pylori. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1996; 10:29-37.
  • 149. Webb P.M., Crabtree J.E., Forman D., and the Eurogast Study Group. Gastric cancer, cytotoxin-associated gene A-positive Helicobacter pylori, and serum pepsinogens an international study. Gastroenterology 1999; 116:269-76.
  • 150. Dixon M.F., Genta R.M., Yardley H., Correa P. Classification and granding of gastritis The up-date Sydney system. Am J Surg Pathol 1996; 20:1161-81.
  • 151. Hansen S., Melby K.K., Aase S., Jellum E., Vollset S.E. Helicobacter pylori infection and risk of cardia cancer and non-cardia gastric cancer. A nested case-control study. Scand J Gastroenterol 1999; 34: 353-60.
  • 152. Brenner H., Bode G., Boeing H. Helicobacter pylori infection among offspring of patients with stomach cancer. Gastroenterology 2000; 118:31-5.
  • 153. El-Omar E.M., Oien K., Murray L.S., et al. Increased prevalence of precancerous changes in relatives of gastric cancer patients: critical role of H. pylori. Gastroenterology 2000; 118:22-30.
  • 154. Hatz R.A., Meimarakis G., Bayerdorffer E., et al. Characterization of lymphocytic infiltrate in Helicobacter pylori-associated gastritis. Scand J Gastroenterol 1996; 31:222-8.
  • 155. Chen X.Y., Liu W.Z., Shi Y., et al. Helicobacter pylori associated gastric diseases and lymphoid tissue hyperplasia in gastric antral mucosa. J Clin Pathol 2002; 55:133-7.
  • 156. D' Elios M.M., Amedei A., Manghetti M., et al. Impaired T-cell regulation of B-cell growth in Helicobacter pylorirelated gastric low-grade MALT lymphoma. Gastroenterology 1999; 117:1105-12.
  • 157. Fischbach W., Dragosics B., Kolve-Goebeler M.E., et al. Primary gastric B-cell lymphoma: results of a prospective multicenter study. Gastroenterology 2000; 119:1191-202.
  • 158. Correa P., Miller M.J.S. Carcinogenesis, apoptosis and cell proliferation. Brit Med Bull 1998; 54:151-62.
  • 159. Wang C.C., Wu M.S., Wang H.H., et al. Helicobacter pylori infection and age on the development of intestinal metaplasia – a multiple logistic regression analysis. Hepato-Gastroenterol. 1998; 45:2234-7.
  • 160. You W.C., Zhang L., Gail M.H. Helicobacter pylori infection, garlic intake and precancerous lesions in a Chinese population at low risk of gastric cancer. Int J Epidemic 1998; 27:941-4.
Views
0 Abstract
0 PDF
0 Crossref citations
Shared