New developments in the treatment of infective endocarditis infective cardiovasculitis

Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2000; 2(3):32-47

​ Gutschik E.
Infective endocarditis treatment bacterial infection cardiovasculitis
Section
Diseases and Pathogens
Type
Journal article
Publication
Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2000; 2(3):32-47

Abstract

Translated and reprinted with permission from «International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents» 1999; 13:79-92.

The natural history of infective endocarditis has undergone remarkable changes over the past 100 years as regards both the demographic characteristics of the disease and changes in the incidence of the so-called diagnostic signs. Alongside these changes and the development of new and better diagnostic tools and criteria, we are also facing new problems with the precise definition of cardiovascular infections and calculation of the incidence of the disease. Nosocomial endocarditis presents an emerging problem of diagnosis and treatment after heart valve surgery, with pace-maker catheters, defibrillators and a very large variety of foreign materials used in connection with heart valve surgery. New technological progress including new types of prosthetic valves and use of homografts or the Ross operation will give a greater possibility of choosing the best solution in a particular case. Antimicrobial chemotherapy is mainly based on our understanding of the pathophysiology of the disease and efficacy of the antibiotics achieved in an experimental animal model of endocarditis. Important recommendations of single or combined drug therapy or the dosing regimens of antibiotics are still an expression of expert opinion not always supported by experimental or clinical proof. A typical example is the recommendation of two divided doses of gentamycin for treatment of streptococcal endocarditis. Nevertheless, it is the author’s opinion that the development of uncomplicated, easy to handle diagnostic and treatment regimens are justified in order to achieve better compliance with these recommendations.

  • 1. Lerner P.I., Weinstein L. Infective endocarditis in the antibiotic era. N Engl J Med 1966;274:199-206.
  • 2. Lerner P.I., Weinstein L. Infective endocarditis in the antibiotic era. N Engl J Med 1966;274:323-31.
  • 3. Lerner P.I., Weinstein L. Infective endocarditis in the antibiotic era. N Engl J Med 1966;274:388-93.
  • 4. Lerner P.I., Weinstein L. Infective endocarditis in the antibiotic era. N Engl J Med 1966:274:259-66.
  • 5. Kaye D. Definitions and demographic characteristics. In: Kaye D, editor. Infective Endocarditis. Baltimore, MD: University Park Press; 1976. p. 1-10.
  • 6. Kay J.H., Bernstein S., Feinstein D., Biddle M. Surgical cure of Candida albicans endocarditis with open-heart surgery. N Engl J Med 1961;264:907-10.
  • 7. Von Reyn C.F., Levy B.S., Arbeit R.D., Friedland G., Crumpacker C.S. Infective endocarditis: an analysis based on strict case definitions. Ann Intern Med 1981;94:505-18.
  • 8. Durack D.T., Lukes A.S., Bright D.K. New criteria for diagnosis of infective endocarditis: utilization of specific echocardiographic findings. Duke Endocarditis Service. Am J Med 1994;96:200-9.
  • 9. Loose R., Markant S., Sievers H.H., Bernhard A. Fate of endothelial cells during transport, cryopreservation, and thawing of heart valve allografts. Transplant Proc 1993;25:3247-50.
  • 10. Vogt P.R., Kunzli A., Lachat M., Zund G., Niederhauser U., Turina M.I. Explanted cryopreserved homografts: a pathological and immunohistochemical comparison between arterial homografts and homograft cardiac valves from infants and adults. Programs and Abstracts of the 12th Annual Meeting of the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery. Bruxelles, 1998. Abstract 054.
  • 11. Cremieux A.C., Carbon C. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic requirements for antibiotic therapy of experimental endocarditis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1992;36:2069-74.
  • 12. Gutschik E. Experimental staphylococcal endocarditis: an overview. Scand J Infect Dis Suppl 1983;41:87-94.
  • 13. Gutschik E. The Enterococcus endocarditis model in experimental animals and its relevance to human infection. J Antimicrob Chemother 1993;31(Suppl D):87-95.
  • 14. Fluckiger U., Moreillon P., Blaser J., Bickle M., Glauser M.P., Francioli P. Simulation of amoxicillin pharmacokinetics in humans for the prevention of streptococcal endocarditis in rats. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1994;38:2846-9.
  • 15. Weinstein L., Brusch Y.L.. Medical managements. In: Weinstein L., Brusch Y.L., editors. Infective Endocarditis. New York: Oxford University Press; 1996. p. 256-304.
  • 16. Working Party of the British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. Antibiotic treatment of streptococcal, enterococcal, and staphylococcal endocarditis. Heart 1998;79:207-10.
  • 17. The Endocarditis Working Group of the International Society for Chemotherapy, Wilson W.R. Antibiotic treatment of infective endocarditis due to viridans streptococci, enterococci, and other streptococci. Clin Microbiol Infect 1998;4:3S17-26.
  • 18. Pollock A.A., Tee P.E., Patel I.H., Spicehandler J., Simberkoff M.S., Rahal J.J.J. Pharmacokinetic characteristics of intravenous ceftriaxone in normal adults. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1982;22:816-23.
  • 19. Francioli P., Etienne J., Hoigne R., Thys J.P., Gerber A. Treatment of streptococcal endocarditis with a single daily dose of ceftriaxone sodium for 4 weeks. Efficacy and outpatient treatment feasibility. J Am Med Assoc 1992;267:264-7.
  • 20. Core Data Sheet. Ceftriaxon. (1.2). Basel: Roche; 1997.
  • 21. Calain P., Krause K.H., Vaudaux P., et al. Early termination of a prospective, randomized trial comparing teicoplanin and flucloxacillin for treating severe staphylococcal infections. J Infect Dis 1987;155:187-91.
  • 22. Hedstrom S.A. Teicoplanin vs. vancomycin in severe Gram-positive infection – a multicentre Scandinavian trial. 7th European Congress of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 1995. Abstract nr. 760.
  • 23. Prins J.M., Buller H.R., Kuijper E.J. Tange R.A., Speelman P. Once versus thrice daily gentamycin in patients with serious infections. Lancet l1993;341:335-9.
  • 24. Gilbert D.N. Meta-analyses are no longer required for determining the efficacy of single daily dosing of aminoglycosides. Clin Infect Dis 1997;24:816-9.
  • 25. Cremieux A.C., Maziere B., Vallois J.M., et al. Evaluation of antibiotic diffusion into cardiac vegetations by quantitative autoradiography. J Infect Dis 1989;159:937-44.
  • 26. Bayer A.S., Crowell D., Nast C.C., Norman D.C., Borrelli R.L. Intravegetation Antimicrobial distribution in aortic endocarditis analyzed by computer-generated model. Implications for treatment. Chest 1990;97:611-7.
  • 27. Bugnon D., Potel G., Xiong Y.Q., et al. In vivo antibacterial effects of simulated human serum profiles of once-daily versus thrice-daily dosing of amikacin in a Serratia marcescens endocarditis experimental model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1996;40:1164-9.
  • 28. Fiancioli P., Ruch W., Stamboulian D. Treatment of streptococcal endocarditis with a single daily dose of ceftriaxone and netilmycin for 14 days: a prospective multicenter study. Clin Infect Dis 1995;21:1406-10.
  • 29. Sexton D.J., Tenenbaum M.J., Wilson W.R., et al. Cefriaxone once daily for four weeks compared with ceftriaxone plus gentamycin once daily for two weeks for treatment of endocarditis due to penicillin-susceptible streptococci. Endocarditis Treatment Consortium Group. 1998;27:1470-4.
  • 30. Fantin B., Carbon C. In vivo antibiotic synergism: contribution of animal models. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999;36:907-12.
  • 31. Saleh-Mghir A., Cremieux A.C., Vallois J.M., Muffat-Joly M., Devine C., Carbon C. Optimal aminoglycoside dosing regimen for penicillin-tobramycin synergism in experimental Streptococcus adjacens endocarditis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1992;36:2403 7.
  • 32. Brandt C.M., Warner C.B., Rouse M.S., Steckelberg J.M., Wilson W.R. Effect of gentamicin dosing interval on efficacy of penicillin or ceftriaxone treatment of experimental endocarditis due to penicillin-susceptible, ceftriaxonetolerant viridans group streptococci. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1996;40:2901-3.
  • 33. Blater M., Fluckiger U., Entenza J., Glauser M.P., Francioli P. Simulated human serum profiles of one daily dose of ceftriaxone plus netilmycin in treatment of experimental streptococcal endocarditis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1993;37:1971-6.
  • 34. Carbon C. Impact of the antibiotic dosage schedule on efficacy in experimental endocarditis. Scand J Infect Dis Suppl 1991;74:163-72.
  • 35. Fantin B., Carbon C. Importance of the aminoglycoside dosing regimen in the penicillin-netilmycin combination for treatment of Enterococcus faecalis-induced experimental endocarditis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1990;34:2387-91.
  • 36. Hessen M.T., Pitsakis P.G., Levison M.E. Absence of a postantibiotic effect in experimental Pseudomonas endocarditis treated with imipenem, with or without gentamycin. J Infect Dis 1988;158:542-8.
  • 37. Hessen M.T., Pitsakis P.G., Levison M.E. Postantibiotic effect of penicillin plus gentamycin versus Enterococcus faecalis in vitro and in vivo. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1989;33:608-11.
  • 38. Wilson W.R., Geraci J.E. Antimicrobial therapy for penicillin-sensitive streptococcal infective endocarditis: two-week regimens. In: Bisno A.L., editor. Treatment of Infective Endocarditis. New York: Grune & Stratton, Inc.; 1981. p. 61-73. Moellering R.C.J. Antimicrobial susceptibility of enterococci in vitro studies of the action of antibiotics alone and in combination. In: Bisno A.L., editor. Treatment of Infective Endocarditis. New York: Grune & Stratton, Inc; 1981. p. 8l-96.
  • 39. Roberts S.A., Liang S.D.R., Ellis-Pegler S.B. Short-course treatment of penicillin susceptible viridans streptococcal infective endocarditis with penicillin and gentamycin. Infect Dis Clin Pract 1993;2:191-4.
  • 40. The Endocarditis Working Group of the International Society for Chemotherapy, Gutschik E. Microbiological recommendations for the diagnosis and follow-up of infective endocarditis. Clin Microbiol Infect 1998;4:310-6.
  • 41. Geraci J.E.; Martin W.J. Antibiotic therapy of bacterial endocarditis. VI. Subacute enterococcal endocarditis: clinical pathologic and therapeutic considerations of 33 cases. Circulation 1954; 10:173-94.
  • 42. Gutschik E., Mortensen I., Moller S. Experimental endocarditis in rabbits. Results of long-term penicillin or streptomycin treatment of Streptococcus faecalis endocarditis and the effect of long-term exposure of healthy rabbits to the same drugs. Acta Pathol Microbiol Immunol Scand [B] 1982;90:25-35.
  • 43. Gutschik E. Experimental endocarditis in rabbits. Results of long-term combined therapy of Streptococcus faecalis endocarditis with penicillin and streptomycin. Acta Pathol Microbiol Immunol Scand [B] 1982;90:37-47.
  • 44. Gutschik E. Experimental endocarditis in rabbits. Results of long-term combined therapy of Streptococcus faecalis endocarditis with penicillin and gentamycin. Acta Pathol Microbiol Immunol Scand [B] 1982;90:295-302.
  • 45. Eliopoulos G.M. Enterococcal endocarditis. In: Kave D., editor. Infective Endocarditis. New York: Raven Press, Ltd; 1992. p. 209-23.
  • 46. Matsumoto J.Y., Wilson W.R., Wright A.J., Geraci J.E., Washington J.A. Synergy of penicillin and decreasing concentration of aminoglycosides against enterococci from patients with infective endocarditis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1980;18:944-7.
  • 47. Wright A.J., Wilson W.R., Matsumoto J.Y., Washington J.A., Geraci J.E. Influence of gentamicin dose size on the efficacies of combinations of gentamycin and penicillin in experimental streptomycin-resistant enterococcal endocarditis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1982;22:972-5.
  • 48. Dlaison L., Hogevik H., Alestig K. Shortened duration of combined aminoglycoside synergistic therapy in enterococcal endocarditis. Proceedings of the 3rd Nordic-Baltic Congress on Infectious Diseases. Anonymous. Vilnius, Lithuania: 1998. p. 67.
  • 49. Wilson W.R., Wilkowske C.J., Wright A.J., Sande M.A., Geraci J.E. Treatment of streptomycin-susceptible and streptomycin-resistant enterococcal endocarditis. Ann Intern Med 1984;100:816-23.
  • 50. Eliopoulos G.M. Aminoglycoside resistant enterococcal endocarditis. Infect Clin North Am 1993;7:117-33.
  • 51. Korzeniowski O., Sande M.A. Combination Antimicrobial therapy for Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis in patients addicted to parenteral drugs and in nonaddicts: A prospective study. Ann Intern Med 1982;97:496-503.
  • 52. Mortara L.A., Bayer A.S. Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia and endocarditis. New diagnostic and therapeutic concepts. Infect Dis Clin North Am 1993;7:53-68.
  • 53. Godtfredsen W.O., Roholt K., Tybring L. Fucidin: a new orally active antibiotic. Lancet 1962;1:928-34.
  • 54. Fantin B., Leclercq R., Duval J., Carbon C. Fusidic acid alone or in combination with vancomycin for therapy of experimental endocarditis due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1993;37:2466-9.
  • 55. Haag R. Efficacy of penicillin G, flucloxacillin, cefazolin, fusidic acid, vancomycin, rifampicin and fosfomycin in muscular infections in mice due to Staphylococcus aureus. Infection 1986;14:38-43.
  • 56. Roder B.L., Forsgren A., Gutschik E. The effect of antistaphylococcal agents used alone and in combinations on the survival of Staphylococcus aureus ingested by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. APM1S 1991;99:521-9.
  • 57. Nielsen S.L., Black F.T. The effect of dicloxacillin and fusidic acid on the extracellular and intracellular killing of Staphylococcus aureus. J Antimicrob Chemother 1998;42:221-6.
  • 58. Zimmerli W., Widmer A.F., Blatter M., Frei R., Ochsner P.E. Role of rifampicin for treatment of orthopedic implant-related staphylococcal infections: a randomized controlled trial. Foreign-Body Infection (FBI) Study Group. J Am Med Assoc 1998;279:1537-41.
  • 59. Zavasky D.M., Sande M.A. Reconsideration of rifampin: a unique drug for a unique infection. J Am Med Assoc 1998;279:1575-7.
  • 60. Mandell G.L., Vest T.K. Killing of inlraleukocytic Staphylococcus aureus by rifampin: in-vitro and in-vivo studies. J Infect Dis 1972;125:486-90.
  • 61. Williams K.J., Piddock L.J. Accumulation of rifampicin by Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. J Antimicrob Chemother 1998;42:594-603.
  • 62. Zak O., Scheld W.M., Sande M.A. Rifampin in experimental endocarditis due to Staphylococcus aureus in rabbits. Rev Infect Dis 1983;5(Suppl 3):S481-90.
  • 63. Gottlieb T., Mitchell D. The independent evolution of resistance to ciprofloxacin, rifampicin, and fusidic acid in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Australian teaching hospitals (1990–1995). Australian Group for Antimicrobial Resistance (AGAR). J Antimicrob Chemother 1998;42:67-73.
  • 64. Scheel O., Iyon D.J., Rosdahl V.T., Adeyemi-Doro F.A., Link T.K., Cheng A.F. In-vitro susceptibility of isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus 1988–1993. J Antimicrob Chemother 1996;37:243-51 [published erratum appears in J Antimicrob Chemother 1996 Nov;38(5):919].
  • 65. Jarlov J. Phenotypic characteristics of coagulase-negative staphylococci: typing and antibiotic susceptibility. APMIS Suppl Thesis 1999;91:1-42.
  • 66. Yeaman M.R., Bayer A.S. Treatment of experimental and human bacterial endocarditis with quinolone Antimicrobial agents. In: Hooper D.C., Wolfson J.S., editors. Quinolone Antimicrobial Agents. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology; 1993. p. 397-411.
  • 67. Humphreys H., Mulvihill E. Ciprofloxacin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Lancet 1985;2:383.
  • 68. Kaatz G.W., Barriere S.L., Schaberg D.R., Fekety R. The emergence of resistance to ciprofloxacin during treatment of experimental Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis. J Antimicrob Chemother 1987;20:753-8.
  • 69. Roder B.L., Gutschik E. In-vitro activity of ciprofloxacin combined with either fusidic acid or rifampicin against Staphylococcus aureus. J Antimicrob Chemother 1989;23.347-52 [see comments].
  • 70. Bahl D., Miller D.A., Leviton I., et al. In vitro activities of ciprofloxacin and rifampicin alone and in combination against growing and nongrowing strains of methicillin-susceptible and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1997;41:1293-7.
  • 71. Chambers H.F. Short-course combination and oral the-rapies of Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis. Infect Dis Clin North Am 1993;7:69-80.
  • 72. Heldman A.W., Hartert T.V., Ray S.C., et al. Oral anti-biotic treatment of right-side staphylococcal endocarditis in injection drug users: prospective randomized comparison with parenteral therapy. Am J Med 1996;101:68-76.
  • 73. Kim Y.S., Liu Q., Chow L.L., Chambers H.F., Tauber M.G. Comparative efficacy of trovafloxacin in experimental endocarditis caused by ciprofloxacin-sensitive, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1998;42:5-7.
  • 74. South R. Retrospective study of teicoplanin as home continuation of hospital-initiated therapy. Int J Antimicrob Agents 1998;9:219-25.
  • 75. Nathwani D., Conlon C. On behalf of the OHPAT UK Workshop: outpatient and home parenteral antibiotic therapy (OHPAT) in the UK: a consensual statement by a working party. Clin Microbiol Inlect 1998;4:537-51.
  • 76. The Endocarditis Working Group of the International Society for Chemotherapy, Francioli P.B., Stamboulian D. Outpatient treatment of infective endocarditis. Clin Microbiol Infect 1998;4:3S47-55.
  • 77. Steckelberg J.M., Murphy J.G., Ballard D., el al. Emboli in infective endocarditis: the prognostic value of echocardiography. Ann Intern Med 1991;114:635-40.
  • 78. The Endocarditis Working Group of the International Society for Chemotherapy. Rubinstein E., Carbon C. Staphylococcl endocarditis – recommendations for therapy. Clin Microbiol Infect 1998;4:3S27-33.
  • 79. Shanson D.C. New guidelines for the antibiotic treatment of streptococcal, enterococcal and staphylococcal endocarditis. J Antimicrob Chemother l998;42:292-6.
  • 80. Doern G.V., Ferraro M.J., Brueggemann A.B., Ruoff K.L. Emergence of high rates of antimicrobial resistance among viridans group streptococci in the United Stats. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1996;40:891-4.
  • 81. Renneberg J., Niemann L.L., Gutschik E. Antimicrobial susceptibility of 278 streptococcal blood isolates to seven antimicrobial agents. J Antimicrob Chemother 1997;39:135-40.
  • 82. Karchmer A.W. Issues in the treatment of endocarditis caused by viridans streptococci. In: Bisno A.L., editor. Treatment of Infective Endocarditis. New York: Grune & Stratton, Inc.; 1981. p. 31-59.
  • 83. Moellering R.C.J. Treatment of endocarditis caused by resistant streptococci. In: Horstkotte D., Bodnar E, editors. Infective endocarditis. Aylesbury, Bucks, UK: ICR Publishers; 1991.
  • 84. NCCLS. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing; Eight Informational Supplement. M100-S8 1998, p. 17.
  • 85. Group-European, Felmingham D., Brown D.-J.F., Soussy C.J. Glycopeptide Resistance Survey Study. European glycopeptide susceptibility survey of gram-positive bacteria for 1995. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 1998;31:563-71.
  • 86. Gruneberg R.N., Hryniewicz W. Clinical relevance of a European collaborative study on comparative susceptibi-lity of gram-positive clinical isolates to teicoplanin and vancomycin. Int J Antimicrob Agents 1998;10:271-7.
  • 87. Fantin B., Leclercq R., Arthur M., Duval J., Carbon C. Influence of low-level resistance to vancomycin on efficacy of teicoplanin and vancomycin for treatment of experimental endocarditis due to Enterococcus faecium. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1991;35:1570-5.
  • 88. Johnson A.P., Warner M., Woodford N., Speller D.C., Livermore D.C. Antibiotic resistance among enterococci causing endocarditis in the UK: analysis of isolates referred to a reference laboratory. Br Med J 1998;317:629-30.
  • 89. Bryskier A. Novelties in the field of anti-infectives in 1997. Clin Infect Dis 1998;27:865-83.
  • 90. Entenza J.M., Giddey M., Glauser M.P., Moreollon P. Efficacy of the novel quinolone BAY 12-8039 (moxifloxacin) in the treatment of experimental endocarditis (EE) due to ciprofloxacin-susceptible (CIP-S) and ciprofloxacin-resistant (CIP-R), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Proceedings of the 38th Annual ICAAC. San Diego, CA. 1998. p. 67 (Abstract).
  • 91. Reinert R.R., Bryskier A., Lutticken R. In vitro activities of the new ketolide antibiotics HMR 3004 and HMR 3647 against Streptococcus pneumoniae in Germany. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1998;42:1509-11.
  • 92. Schulin T., Wennersten C.B., Moellering R.C.J., Eliopoulos G.M. In-vitro activity of the new ketolide antibiotic HMR 3647 against gram-positive bacteria. J Antimicrob Chemother 1998;42:297-301.
  • 93. Saleh-Mghir A., Lefort A., Petegnief Y., et al. Activity and diffusion of LY333328 in experimental endocarditis due to vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999;43:115-20.
  • 94. Kaatz G.W., Seo S.M., Aeschlimann J.R., Houlihan H.H., Mercier R.C., Rybak M.J. Efficacy of LY333328 against experimental methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1998;42: 981-3.
  • 95. Zhanel G.G., Kirkpatrik I.D., Hoban D.J., Kabani A.M., Karlowsky J.A. Influence of human serum on pharmacodynamic properties of an investigational glycopeptide, LY333328, and comparator agents against Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1998;42:2427-30.
  • 96. Zhanel G.G., Kirkpatrik I.D., Hoban D.J., Kabani A.M., Karlowsky J.A. Influence of human serum on pharmacodynamic properties of an investigational glycopeptide, LY333328, and comparator agents against Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1998;42:2427-30.
  • 97. Mouton J.W., Endtz H.P., den Hollander J.G., van den Braak N., Verbrugh H.A. In-vitro activity of quinu-pristin/dalfopristin compared with other widely used antibiotics against strains isolated from patients with endocarditis. J Antimicrob Chemother 1997;39 (Suppl A):75-80.
  • 98. Carbon C. Quinupristin/dalfopristin: a review of its activity in experimental animal models of infection. J Antimicrob Chemother 1997;39 (Suppl A):115-9./li>
  • 99. Fantin B., Leclercq R., Garry L., Carbon C. Influence of inducible cross-resistance to macrolides, lincosamides, and streptogramin B-type antibiotics in Enterococcus faecium on activity of quinupristin-dalfopristin in vitro and in rabbits with experimental endocarditis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1997;41:931-5.
  • 100. Vouillamoz J., FEntenza J.M., Giddey M, Glauser M.P., Moreillon P. Synercid (SYN) alone or combined with cefepime (FEP) in the treatment (Rx) of experimental endocarditis (EE) due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) resistant to macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B (MLSB-R). Programs and Abstracts of the 38th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial and Chemotherapy. San Diego: CA; 1998. p. 67 (Abstract).
  • 101. Leclercq R., Courvalin P. Streptogramins: an answer to antibiotic resistance in gram-positive bacteria. Lancet 1998;332:391-2.
  • 102. Larkin L., Busciglio L., Fontanet H., Gamouras G. Staphylococcus epidermidis endocarditis treated RP 59500 (quinupristin/dalfopristin). Clin Infect Dis 1998;26:1239-40.
  • 103. Rybak M.J., Cappelletty D.M., Moldovan T., Aeschilmann J.R., Kaatz G.W. Comparative in vitro activities and postantibiotic effects of the oxazolidinone compounds eperezolid (PNU-100592) and linezolid (PNU-100766) versus vancomycin against Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-negative staphylococci, Enterococcus faecalis, and Enterococcus faecium. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1998;42:721-4.
  • 104. Dresser L.D., Rybak M.J. The pharmacologic and bacteriologic properties of oxazolidinones, a new class of synthetic antimicrobials. Pharmacotherapy 1998;18:456-62.
  • 105. Nakashio S., Iwasawa H., Dun F.Y., Kanemitsu K., Shimada J. Everninomicin, a new oligosaccharide anti-biotic: its antimicrobial activity, post-antibiotic effect and synergistic bactericidal activity. Drugs Exp Clin Res 1995;217:7-16.
  • 106. Aarestrup F.M. Association between decreased susceptibility to a new antibiotic for treatment of human di-seases, everninomycin (SCM 27899), and resistance to an antibiotic used for growth promotion in animals, avilamycin. Microb Drug Resist 1998;4:137-41.
  • 107. Dhavan V.K., Yeaman M.R., Bayer A.S. Trombin-induced platelet microbial protein (tPMP) susceptibility phenotype influences the treatment outcome in experimental Staphylococcus aureus (SA) endocarditis (IE). Programs and Abstracts of the 38th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, San Diego, CA, 1998. Abstract B-73.
  • 108. Yeaman M.R., Soldan S.S., Ghannoum M.A., Edwards J.E.J., Filler S.G., Bayer A.S. Resistance to platelet microbicidal protein results in increased severity of experimental Candida albicans endocarditis. Infect Immun 1996;64:1379 84.
  • 109. Miyasaki K.T., Lehrer R.I. Beta-sheet antibiotic peptides as potential dental therapeutics. Int J Antimicrob Agents 1998;9:269-80.
  • 110. Chikindas M.L., Novak J., Caufield P.W., Schilling K., Tagg J.R. Microbially-produced peptides having potential application to the prevention of dental carries. Int J Antimicrob Agents 1997;9:95-105.
  • 111. The Endocarditis Working Group of the International Society for Chemotherapy, Petterson G., Carbon C. Recommendations for the surgical treatment of endocarditis. Clin Microbiol Infect 1998;4:3S34-46.
  • 112. Tingleff J., Egeblad H., Gotzsche C.O., et al. Perivalvular cavities in endocarditis: abscesses versus pseudoaneurysms? A transesophageal Doppler echocardiographic study in 118 patients with endocarditis. Am Heart J 1995;130:93-100.
  • 113. Wernly JA., Crawford M.H. Choosing a prosthetic heart valve. Cardiol Clin 1998;16:491-504.
  • 114. Ely J.L., Emken M.R., Accuntius J.A., et al. Pure pyrolytic carbon: preparation and properties of a new material, On- X carbon for mechanical heart valve prostheses. J Heart Valve Dis 1998;7:626-32.
  • 115. Mackay T.G., Wheatley D.J., Bernacca G.M., Fisher A.C., Hindle C.S. New polyurethane heart valve prosthesis: design, manufacture and evaluation. Biomaterials 1996;17:1857-63.
  • 116. Menzler F., Haubold A.D., Hwang N.H.. Dynamic characterization of a new accelerated heart valve tester. ASAIO J 1997;43:M372-7.
  • 117. Fenner J.W., Mackay T.G., Martin W., Wheatley D.J. Laser profiling: a technique for the study of prosthetic heart valve leaflet motion. Physiol Meas 1995;16:181-93.
  • 118. Joyce F., Tingleff J., Pettersson G. The Ross operation: results of early experience including treatment for endocarditis. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 1995;9:384-91.
  • 119. Kjaergard H.K., Fairbrother J.E., Cederholm-Williams S.A., Edwardson P.A.D., Hollingsbee D.A., Holm N.-E. The vivostat system for the automated preparation of autologous fibrin sealant. Cardiovasc Eng 1997;2:1-3.
  • 120. Thompson D.F., Letassy N.A., Thompson G.D. Fibrin glue: a review of its preparation, efficacy, and adverse effects as a topical hemostat. Drug 1998S;2:946-52.
  • 121. Karck M., Siclari F., Wahlig H., Sperling U., Schmid C., Haverich A. Pretreatment of prosthetic valve sewing ring with the antibiotic/fibrin sealant compound as a prophylactic tool against prosthetic valve endocarditis. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 1990;4:142-6.
  • 122. Watanabe G., Haverich A., Speier R., Dresler C., Borst H.G. Surgical treatment of active infective endocarditis with paravalvular involvement. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1994;107:171-7.
  • 123. French B.G., Wilson K., Wong M., Smith S., O'Brien M.F. Rifampicin antibiotic impregnation of the St. Jude Medical mechanical valve sewing ring: a weapon against endocarditis. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1996;112:248-52 [see comments].
  • 124. Actis D.G., Cavaglia M., Poletti G.A. Impregnation of sewing ring with antibiotics to avoid prosthetic valve endocarditis. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1997;114:145-6 [letter; comment].
  • 125. Tweden K.S., Cameron J.D., Razzouk A.J., et al. Silver modification of polyethylene terephthalate textiles for antimicrobial protection. ASAIO J 1997;43:M475-81.
  • 126. Tweden K.S., Cameron J.D., Razzouk A.J., Holmberg W.R., Kelly S.J. Biocompatibility of silver-modified polyester for antimicrobial protection of prosthetic valves. J Heart Valve Dis 1997;6:553-61.
  • 127. Schierholz J.M., Lucas L.J., Rump A., Pulverer G. Efficacy of silver-coated medical devices. J Hosp Infect 1998; 40:257-62.
  • 128. Terada Y., Mitsui T., Yamamoto T. Bacterial colonies around the suture material in bacteremia with a valve prosthetic. Ann Thorac Surg 1994,58:911 [letter].
  • 129. Horstkotte D., Weist K., Ruden H. Better understanding of the pathogenesis of prosthetic valve endocarditis – recent perspectives for prevention strategies. J Heart Valve Dis 1998;7:313-5 [editorial; comment].
  • 130. Zachary I. Vascular endothelial growth factor. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 1998;30:1169-74.
  • 131. Carlyle W.C., Kelly S.J., Ogle M.F., Mirsch W. Accelerated endothelialization of bioprosthetic heart valve leaflets with vascular endothelial growth factor. Programs and Abstracts of the 71th American Heart Association Scientific Sessions 1998. Abstract 1708.
Views
0 Abstract
0 PDF
0 Crossref citations
Shared