Abstract
Collateral damage concept describes an adverse ecological effect associated with the use of antimicrobial agents. The main point is a selection of multidrug-resistant strains and subsequent colonization and infections caused by those microorganisms. An increased attention to this problem is explained by tremendous social and economic losses from the infections caused by pathogens which exhibit resistance to the majority of the currently available antibiotics. It is of particular significance in hospital settings and given the lack of advances in antimicrobial drug development. The key risk factors for selection of antimicrobial resistance are considered in this article. The effectiveness of measures and strategies to minimize collateral damage is also discussed.
-
1.
Jones R.N. Resistance patterns among nosocomial pathogens. Trends over the past few years. Chest 2001; 119:397-404.
-
2.
Safdar N., Maki D.G. The commonality of risk factors for nosocomial colonization and infection with antimicrobialresistant S. aureus, Enterococcus, gram-negative bacilli, C. difficile and Candida. Ann Intern Med 2002; 136:834- 44.
-
3.
Donskey C.J., Chowdhry T.K., Hecker M.T., et al. Effect of antibiotic therapy on the density of vancomycinresistant enterococci in stool of colonized patients. N Engl J Med 2000; 343:1925-32.
-
4.
Meyer E., Schwab F., Gastmeier P., et al. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and antibiotic use in German intensive care units: data from Project SARI (Surveillance of Antimicrobial Use and Antimicrobial Resistance in German Intensive Care Units). J Hosp Infect 2006; 64:238-43.
-
5.
Paterson D.L. «Collateral damage» from cephalosporin or quinolone antibiotic therapy. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 38 (Suppl 4):341-5.
-
6.
Научный отчет о результатах исследования антибиотикорезистентности бактериальных возбудителей нозокомиальных инфекций в отделениях с интенсивным использованием антибиотиков в стационарах России (РеВАНШ). Научноисследовательский институт антимикробной химиотерапии. Смоленск, 2009.
-
7.
Manikal V.M., Landman D., Saurina G., et al. Endemic carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter species in Brooklyn, New York: citywide prevalence, interinstitutional spread, and relation to antibiotic usage. Clin Infect Dis 2000; 31:101-6.
-
8.
Saurina G., Quale J.M., Manikal V.M., et al. Antimicrobial resistance in Enterobacteriacea in Brooklyn, NY: epidemiology and relation to antibiotic usage patterns. J Antimicrob Chemother 2000; 45:895-8.
-
9.
Asensio A., Oliver A., Gonzales-Diego P., et al. Outbreak of a multiresistant K. pneumoniae strain in an intensive care unit: antibiotic use as a risk factor for colonization and infection. Clin Infect Dis 2000; 30:55-60.
-
10.
Lautenbach E., Patel J.B., Bilker W.B., et al. Extendedspectrum beta-lactamase-producing E. coli and K. pneumoniae: risk factors for infection and impact of resistance on outcomes. Clin Infect Dis 2001; 32:1162-71.
-
11.
Paterson D.L., Ko W.C., Von Gottberg A., et al. International prospective study of K. pneumoniae bacteremia: implications of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase production in nosocomial infections. Ann Intern Med 2004; 140:26-32.
-
12.
Rodríguez-Baño J., Picón E., Gijón P., et al. Risk factors and prognosis of nosocomial bloodstream infections caused by extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli. J Clin Microbiol 2010; 48:1726-31.
-
13.
Weber D.J. Collateral damage and what the future might hold. The need to balance prudent antibiotic utilization and stewardship with effective patient management. Int J Infect Dis 2006; 10:17-24.
-
14.
Pena C., Pujol M., Ardanuy C., et al. Epidemiology and successful control of a large outbreak due to K. pneumoniae producing extended spectrum beta-lactamases. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1998; 42:53-8.
-
15.
Rice L.B., Eckstein E.C., DeVente J., et al. Ceftazidimeresistant K. pneumoniae isolates recovered at the Cleveland department of veterans affairs medical center. Clin Infect Dis 1996; 23:118-124.
-
16.
Patterson J.E., Hardin T.C., Kelly C.A., et al. Association of antibiotic utilization measures and control of multipledrug resistance in K. pneumoniae. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2000; 21:455-8.
-
17.
Rahal J.J., Urban C., Horn D., et al. Class restriction of cephalosporin use to control total cephalosporin resistance in nosocomial Klebsiella. JAMA 1998; 280:1233-7.
-
18.
Lee C., Chu C., Liu J., et al. Collateral damage of flomoxef therapy: in vitro development of porin deficiency and acqurison of blaDHA-1leading to ertapenem resistance in a clinical isolate K. pneumoniae producing CTX-M-3 and SHV-5 beta-lactamases. J Antimicrob Chemother 2007; 60:410-3.
-
19.
Park Y.S., Yoo S., Seo M.R., et al. Risk factors and clinical features of infections caused by plasmid-mediated AmpC beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2009; 34:38-43.
-
20.
Zavascki A.P., Barth A.L., Gaspareto P.B., et al. Risk factors for nosocomial infections due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa producing metallo-beta-lactamase in two tertiary-care teaching hospitals. J Antimicrob Chemother 2006; 58:882-5.
-
21.
Messadi A.A., Lamia T., Kamel B., et al. Association between antibiotic use and changes in susceptibility patterns of P. aeruginosa in an intensive care unit: a 5- year study, 2000-2004. Burns 2008; 34:1098-102.
-
22.
Tacconelli E., De Angelis G., Cataldo M.A., et al. Does antibiotic exposure increase the risk of methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolation? A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Antimicrob Chemother 2008; 61:26-38.
-
23.
Sarma J.B., Ahmed G.U. Characterisation of methicillin resistant S. aureus strains and risk factors for acquisition in a teaching hospital in northeast India. Indian J Med Microbiol 2010; 28:127-9.
-
24.
Bisognano C., Vaudaux P., Rohner P., et al. Introduction of fibronectin-binding proteins and increased adhesion of quinolone-resistant S. aureus by subinhibitory levels of ciprofloxacin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000; 44:1428-37.
-
25.
Landman D., Chockalingam M., Quale J.M. Reduction in the incidence of methicillin-resistant S. aureus and ceftazidime-resistant K. pneumoniae following changes in a hospital antibiotic formulary. Clin Infect Dis 1999; 28:1062-6.
-
26.
Loeb M., Salama S., Armstrong-Evans M., et al. A case-control study to detect modifiable risk factors for colonization with vancomycin-resistant enterococci. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1999; 20:760-3.
-
27.
Fridkin S.K., Edwards J.R., Courval J.M., et al. The effect of vancomycin and third-generation cephalosporins on prevalence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in 126 US adult intensive care unit. Ann Intern Med 2001; 135:175-83.
-
28.
Lautenbach E., LaRosa L.A., Marr A.M., et al. Changes in the prevalence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in response to antimicrobial formulary intervention: impact of progressive restriction on use of vancomycin and thirdgeneration cephalosporins. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 36:440-6.
-
29.
Bradley S.J., Wilson A.L., Allen M.C., et al. The control of hyperendemic glycopeptides-resistant Enterococcus spp. on a haematology unit by changing antibiotic usage. J Antimicrob Chemother 1999; 43:261-6.
-
30.
Johnson S., Gerding D.N. C. difficile-associated diarrhea. Clin Infect Dis 1998; 26:1027-36.
-
31.
Nelson D.E., Auerbach S.B., Baltch A.L., et al. Epidemic C. difficile-associated diarrhea: role of second- and third-generation cephalosporins. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1994; 15:88-94.
-
32.
Golledge C.L., McKenzie T., Riley T.V. Extended spectrum cephalosporins and C. difficile. J Antimicrob Chemother 1989; 23:929-31.
-
33.
Schwaber M.J., Simhon. A., Block C., et al. Factors associated with nosocomial diarrhea and C. difficileassociated disease on the adult wards of an urban tertiary care hospital. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2000; 19:9- 15.
-
34.
Ludlam H., Brown N., Sule O., et al. An antibiotic policy associated with reduced risk of C. difficile-associated diarrhea. Age Ageing 1999; 28:578-80.
-
35.
McFarland L.V., Clarridge J.E., Beneda H.W., et al. Fluoroquinolone use and risk factors for Clostridium difficile-associated disease within a Veterans Administration health care system. Clin Infect Dis 2007; 45:1141-51.
-
36.
Loo V.G., Poirier L., Miller M.A., et al. A predominantly clonal multy-institutional outbreak of C. difficileassociated diarrhea with high morbidity and mortality. N Engl J Med 2005; 323:2442-9.
-
37.
Settle C.D., Wilcox M.H., Corrado O.J., et al. Prospective study of the risk of C. difficile diarrhea in elderly patient following treatment with cefotaxime or piperacillintazobactam. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1998; 12:1217-23.
-
38.
Baines S.D., Freeman J., Wicox H. Effects of piperacillin/ tazobactam on C. difficile growth and toxin production in a human gut model. J Antimicrob Chemother 2005; 55:974-82.
-
39.
Golledge C.L., Carson C.F., O'Neill G.L., et al. Ciprofloxacin and C. difficile-associated diarrhea. J Antimicrob Chemother 1992; 30:141-7.
-
40.
Lai K.K., Melvin Z.S., Menard M.J., et al., C. difficileassociated diarrhea: epidemiology, risk factors, and infection control. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1997; 18:628-32.
-
41.
Yip C., Loeb M., Salama S., et al. Quinolone use as risk factor for nosocomial C. difficile-associated diarrhea. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2001; 22:572-5.
-
42.
Muto C.A., Pokrywka M., Shutt K., et al. A large outbreak of C. difficile-associated disease with an unexpected proportion of deaths and colectomies at a teaching hospital following increased fluoroquinolone use. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2005; 26:273-80.
-
43.
DiNubile M.J., Friedland I., Chan C.Y., et al. Bowel colonization with resistant gram-negative bacilli after antimicrobial therapy of intra-abdominal infections: observations from two randomized comparative clinical trials of ertapenem therapy. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2005; 24:443-9.
-
44.
Chastre J., Wolff M., Fagon J.Y., et al. Comparison of 8 vs 15 days of antibiotic therapy for ventilator-associated pneumonia in adults: a randomized trial. JAMA 2003; 290:2588-98.
-
45.
Singh N., Rogers P., Atwood C.W., et al. Short-course empiric antibiotic therapy for patient with pulmonary infiltrates in the intensive care unit: a proposed solution for indiscriminate antibiotic prescription. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 162:505-11.
-
46.
Dellit T.H., Owens R.C., McGowan J.E, et al. Infectious diseases society of America and the Society for healthcare epidemiology of America Guidelines for developing an Institutional program to enhance antimicrobial stewardship. Clin Infect Dis 2007; 44:159-77.
-
47.
Kish M.A. Guide to development of practice guidelines. Clin Infect Dis 2001; 32:851-4.
-
48.
Kollef M.H., Fraser V.J. Antibiotic resistance in the intensive care unit. Ann Intern Med 2001; 134:298-314.
-
49.
Struelens M.J., Byl B., Vincent J.L., et al. Antibiotic policy: a tool for controlling resistance of hospital pathogens. Clin Microbiol Infect 1999; 5:19-24.
-
50.
Goldman D.A., Weinstein R.A., Wenzel R.P., et al. Strategies to prevent and control the emergence and spread of antimicrobial-resistant microorganisms in hospitals: a challenge to hospital leadership. JAMA 1996; 275:234-40.
-
51.
McGowan J.E. Antimicrobial resistance in hospital organisms and its relations to antibiotic use. Rev Infect Dis 1983; 5:1033-48.
-
52.
Chastre J., Luyt C., Combes A., et al. Use of quantitative cultures and reduced duration of antibiotic regimen for patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia to decrease resistance in the intensive care unit. Clin Infect Dis 2006; 43:75-81.
-
53.
Dryden M., Hand K., Davey P. Antibiotics for communityacquired pneumonia. J Antimicrob Chemother 2009; 64:1123-5.
-
54.
Proud A., Saeed K., Dryden M.S. Serum procalcitonin as guide to antibiotic management. Proceedings of Federation of Infection Societies Conference, Birmingham, UK, 2009; Poster 0135.
-
55.
Плешков В.Г., Голуб А.В., Москалев А.П. и др. Антибактериальная профилактика и качество ее проведения в абдоминальной хирургии. Инфекции в хирургии 2007; 2:21-8.
-
56.
Quale J., Landman D., Saurina G., Manipulation of a hospital antimicrobial formulary to control an outbreak of vancomycin-resistant enterococci. Clin Infect Dis 1996; 23:1020-5.
-
57.
Charbonneau P., Parienti J., Thibon P., et al. Fluoroquinilone use and methicillin-resistant S. aureus isolation rates in hospitalized patient: a quasi experimental study. Clin Infect Dis 2006; 42:778-84.
-
58.
Dennesen P.J., van der Ven A.J., Kessels A.G., et al. Resolution of infectious parameters after antimicrobial therapy in patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 163:1371-5.
-
59.
Luna C.M., Blanzaco D., Niederman M.S., et al. Resolution of ventilator-associated pneumonia: prospective evaluation of the clinical pulmonary infection score as an early clinical predictor of outcome. Crit Care Med 2003; 31:676-82.
-
60.
Combes A., Figliolini C., Trouillet J.L., et al. Factors predicting ventilator-associated pneumonia recurrence. Crit Care Med 2003; 31:1102-7.
-
61.
Paterson D.L. The role of antimicrobial management programs in optimizing antibiotic prescribing within hospitals. Clin Infect Dis 2006; 42 (Suppl 2):90-5.
-
62.
Livermore D.M. Minimising antibiotic resistance. Lancet Infect Dis 2005; 5:450-9.
-
63.
Wilcox M.H. The tide of antimicrobial resistance and selection. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2009; 34:6-10.