clinical scoring systems

Objective. To systematically synthesize factors associated with the presence, colonization, infection, or acquisition of bacterial pathogens with clinically significant antimicrobial resistance phenotypes; to assess the variability of available quantitative estimates of these associations; and, separately, to characterize prediction models, clinical scores, and algorithms developed to estimate the probability of such outcomes. Materials and Methods. A systematic review was conducted of publications identified through a PubMed/MEDLINE search covering the period from January 1, 2000, to April 30, 2026, using terms related to risk factors and prediction, antimicrobial resistance, and clinical infectious syndromes.