CMAC 2026; 28(2) on КМАХ

Compassionate-use rezafungin for proven deep-seated invasive candidiasis caused by Candidozyma auris: a clinical case report

Thu, 20 Aug 2026 15:43:14 +0000

Sepsis caused by Lactobacillus: a clinical case report

Thu, 20 Aug 2026 15:40:31 +0000

Treatment of disseminated mycobacteriosis caused by Mycobacterium avium in HIV patients using bedaquiline: clinical examples

Thu, 20 Aug 2026 15:36:52 +0000

Local experience in adapting «SCAT 2025» scale for risk stratification of resistant pathogens and selection of initial empirical antimicrobial therapy in a multispecialty children’s hospital

Thu, 20 Aug 2026 15:34:37 +0000

Objective.

To develop and perform pilot prospective validation of a locally adapted pediatric version of the SCAT scale for risk stratification of resistant pathogens and justification of initial empirical antimicrobial therapy in hospitalized children in a multispecialty children’s hospital.

Materials and Methods.

Over the period from 15 December 2025 to 15 February 2026, a single-center prospective observational study was conducted at the Morozovskaya Children’s City Clinical Hospital. The study included two sequential phases: local adaptation of the SCAT scale for risk stratification of resistant pathogens to pediatric practice and pilot clinical validation of the adapted version. The adaptation was carried out considering the patient flow structure, prior antibacterial therapy, local microbiological data, and expert assessment. The validation phase sequentially enrolled 100 patients hospitalized in intensive care units of the Morozovskaya Children’s City Clinical Hospital who required initial empiric antimicrobial therapy. For each patient, the risk category was determined according to the reference version of the “SCAT 2025” scale and the version adapted for this children’s hospital, the “SCAT pediatric Morozovskaya” scale, and the recommended initial therapy according to the adapted scale was assessed. The primary endpoint was the proportion of cases with adequate choice of initial empirical antimicrobial therapy. Therapy was considered adequate if, based on the assigned risk category, in vitro activity corresponded to the clinically significant isolated pathogen upon subsequent microbiological verification. Secondary endpoints included the frequency of therapy escalation and de-escalation, and the consistency between the original and adapted versions of stratification.

Results.

This study included 100 patients. Local adaptation of the scale resulted in changes to 4 parameters and the addition of 9 risk-determining parameters, primarily related to comorbidity in children hospitalized in the following profiles: pediatric surgery, pediatric oncology, onco-hematology, and children at risk of invasive mycosis. Compared to the original pediatric version of SCAT, the adapted version changed the risk category for 30 (30%) patients. An adequate choice of initial empirical antimicrobial therapy was achieved in 97 (97%) cases. Therapy escalation due to insufficient initial coverage was required in 3 (3%) patients. The greatest clinical applicability of the adapted tool was noted in subgroups of children with congenital malformations, oncological and onco-hematological diseases, the presence of invasive devices, and the risk of invasive mycosis.

Conclusions.

The experience of the Morozovskaya Children’s City Clinical Hospital is presented based on the analysis of local data on the structure of patients in the medical care profiles, which allowed doctors to adapt the updated antibiotic stewardship «SCAT 2025» tool to the existing needs of «SCAT Children Morozovskaya», taking into account the specifics of informed decision-making process. The proposed «SCAT Children Morozovskaya» tool increases the accuracy of therapeutic strategies when prescribing antimicrobial drugs, which in turn contributes to improving treatment outcomes.

Monitoring of macrolide resistance in Mycoplasma pneumoniae isolated from children in Smolensk region in 2009–2024: DeMaRes study

Thu, 20 Aug 2026 15:32:07 +0000

Objective.

To study prevalence of macrolide resistance mutations in Mycoplasma pneumoniae isolated from children with community-acquired pneumonia in Smolensk region.

Materials and Methods.

The study included 774 M. pneumoniae-positive samples isolated by realtime polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR) from pharyngeal swab in children with communityacquired pneumonia over the period 2009–2024, including 3 epidemiological rises in the incidence of M. pneumoniae (2013–2014, 2018–2019, 2023–2024). Samples of isolated DNA were examined for nucleotide substitutions in the 23S rRNA gene at positions 2058, 2059, 2611 (E. coli numbering) using real-time PCR technology with the effect of quenching of probe fluorescence by primer. To confirm the nature of the substitution, all M. pneumoniae DNA samples carrying mutations were additionally examined by sequencing.

Results.

The prevalence of mutations to macrolides in M. pneumoniae was 23.4% (¹⁸¹⁄₇₇₄). No macrolide resistance-associated mutations were detected in 2013–2014. Mutations were first detected in October 2017 (6.6%) during the second epidemiological upsurge, with significant increases in 2018 (35.3%) and 2019 (30.9%). After a decrease in M. pneumoniae registrations in 2020–2022, an increase in incidence and an increase in mutations (13.8%) is noted in 2023, the third upsurge in the incidence rate. The highest level of mutations is registered during epidemic rises in incidence. The predominant variant of mutations is A2058G 81,2% (¹⁴⁷⁄₁₈₁), in 5,4 times less frequently revealed mutation A2059G 14,9% (²⁷⁄₁₈₁). A rare type of nucleotide substitutions was detected: A2062C 1.1% (²⁄₁₈₁). Of particular note is the genotype consisting of two mutation types A2059G + A2058G 1.6% (³⁄₁₈₁), A2059G + A2062C 0.5% (¹⁄₁₈₁), and three mutations simultaneously: A2059G + A2058G + A2062C 0.5% (¹⁄₁₈₁). Results of multicenter study «DeMaRes» are available on the AMRcloud platform (https://amrcloud.net/ru/project/demares/).

Conclusions.

Proportion of M. pneumoniae carrying macrolides resistance mutations increases during epidemic outbreaks. Continuous monitoring of M. pneumoniae incidence data and identification of mutations causing antibiotic resistance is critical for treatment success.

Molecular genetic features and prevalence of tetracycline resistance genes in Salmonella enterica

Thu, 20 Aug 2026 15:30:07 +0000

Objective.

To assess prevalence of genetic determinants of tetracycline resistance (tetA, tetB, tetC) in Salmonella in the Krasnoyarsk Territory and to identify the most epidemiologically significant tet genes.

Materials and Methods.

The study included Salmonella cultures isolated in the Krasnoyarsk Territory during the diagnosis of acute intestinal infections, occupational health examinations, and sanitary-epidemiological investigations. Identification was based on morphological and staining characteristics, as well as cultural, biochemical, antigenic properties and phage lysis. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined using the disk diffusion method. The presence of tetA, tetB, and tetC genes was determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), followed by electrophoretic detection of amplification products in agarose gel.

Results.

A total of 67 strains classified as resistant or moderately sensitive to tetracycline based on phenotypic testing were examined. Resistance determinants were detected in 76,1 ± 6,9% of isolates. The prevalence of the tetA gene was 70,1 ± 5,2%, tetB – 7,8 ± 3,4%, and tetC – 8,3 ± 4,0%. Simultaneous presence of tetA and tetB was found in 3,1 ± 5,0% of isolates; tetA and tetC – in 6,3 ± 7,4%. All strains carrying two loci exhibited phenotypic resistance.

Conclusions.

The tetA gene was the main determinant of tetracycline resistance in Salmonella, detected in 70,2 ± 5,6% of isolates. The tetB and tetC genes were significantly less common — 7,8 ± 3,4% and 8,3 ± 4,0%, respectively. Given that tetA, tetB, and tetC are associated with mobile genetic elements, their horizontal transfer to other microorganisms is highly likely and of epidemiological concern.

Whole-genome analysis of a probiotic strain Lactocaseibacillus – identification of genetic determinants for bacteriocin production as a basis for standardization of mono- and multicomponent probiotics

Thu, 20 Aug 2026 15:28:01 +0000

Objective.

Conducting a whole-genome study and bioinformatic analysis of a Lacticaseibacillus strain to confirm taxonomic affiliation, identify genetic determinants of metabolic activity, stress resistance, and bacteriocin production as a criterion for the standardization of mono- and multi-component probiotics.

Materials and Methods.

The object of the study was a strain isolated from a coloproctology patient in 2024. Cultivation was carried out on MRS medium under microaerophilic conditions. Wholegenome sequencing was performed on the Oxford Nanopore Technologies MinION platform (R10.4.1 flow cells). De novo genome assembly was performed using Flye, quality assessment using QUAST. Taxonomic verification was carried out using Kraken2 and ANI calculation. Functional annotation was performed using Bakta, bacteriocin search using BAGEL4 and antiSMASH. The distribution of proteins into functional categories was performed based on the annotated pool of CDS.

Results.

One strain was included in the study, finally identified as Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus. A complete genome assembly was obtained (2.98 Mb, 1 contig, GC 46.7%, Busco 99.3%). Taxonomic affiliation to L. rhamnosus was confirmed (ANI 99.0% using the reference strain NCTC1364). It was found that the strain is most closely related to LOCK908. Genes for metabolic plasticity (iolH, iolR, murR), vitamin biosynthesis (thi-cluster) and amino acids (trpACFB, trpS2), stress resistance (dnaK, dnaJ, yidC) and colonization (epsH) were identified. A cluster for the biosynthesis of class IIc bacteriocins (15 ORFs) was identified, including a core peptide with homology to enterocin X and carnocin CP52, as well as modules for modification, regulation, immunity, transport, and leader peptide processing. The phagederived gene ORF8 was found, which is significant for the development of a combined preparation with phages.

Conclusions.

The strain L. rhamnosus MRIVS-38065 is characterized by high metabolic plasticity, metabolic autonomy, the presence of a fully functional bacteriocin cluster, and a developed adaptive potential. The set of genes identified in this strain serves as a criterion to justify classifying this strain as a promising probiotic candidate and the feasibility of its use in mono- and multi-component preparations, as well as in combined biotherapeutic systems.

Knowledge architecture in antimicrobial therapy: from cluster stratification to correlation map

Thu, 20 Aug 2026 15:26:01 +0000

Objective.

To conduct an in-depth analysis of the competence structure in rational antimicrobial therapy (AMT) among healthcare professionals and students to identify typical knowledge profiles and determine priorities for Antimicrobial Stewardship (AMS) educational programs.

Materials and Methods.

The study employed a two-stage statistical analysis of survey data. The first stage used the k-means clustering method to stratify respondents based on their knowledge structure. The second stage involved a correlation analysis of responses to assess the internal connectivity («architecture») of key knowledge domains and identify integrative nodes.

Results.

A total of six discrete competence clusters (profiles) were identified, differing qualitatively not only in overall proficiency but also in internal structure. Professional status was not a guarantee of systemic knowledge: the cluster with a total deficit included practicing physicians, while clusters of «limited expertise» demonstrated high performance in narrow areas alongside weak foundational principles. Correlation analysis identified questions concerning the principles of rational antimicrobial combinations and dosing as key integrative nodes, with low performance on these nodes observed in most clusters. The successful profile (Cluster 1) was characterized by strong interconnections between these nodes, reflecting a formed systemic knowledge model.

Conclusions.

Competencies in AMT are heterogeneous, mosaic, and structurally dependent. The findings justify a transition from uniform training programs to stratified and targeted educational interventions within AMS frameworks. A strategic priority is reinforcing key integrative nodes (principles of antimicrobial combinations and dosing), which has a multiplicative effect on the overall knowledge architecture. The proposed methodology provides a tool for diagnosing structural deficits, planning personalized educational strategies, and evaluating their effectiveness based on the analysis of qualitative shifts in competence profiles.

Population pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modeling of linezolid in critically ill adult patients

Thu, 20 Aug 2026 15:23:33 +0000

Objective.

To evaluate pharmacokinetics using therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) data and develop a population pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) model of linezolid for individualizing dosage regimens in critically ill adult patients in intensive care unit (ICU).

Materials and Methods.

A retrospective study of linezolid pharmacokinetics was conducted using TDM data (peak-trough strategy) and included data (n = 23) from patients treated in the ICU and receiving the standard linezolid dosing regimen of 600 mg intravenously twice daily. Plasma linezolid concentrations were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV). Individual and population PK parameters of linezolid were estimated using the NPAG program from USC*PACK software (Pmetrics).

Results.

The trough concentration values obtained with the standard dosing regimen were within the recommended range (2–7 mg/L) in only 7 (28.0%) cases, with trough concentrations below 2 mg/L in 14 (56.0%) cases and above 7 mg/L in 4 (16.0%) cases. The coefficient of variation was estimated as 55.1% for Cmax and 126.4% for Ctrough. Based on the TDM results (a total of 50 linezolid measured concentration), the parameters of the linear one-compartment PK model were identified. The median elimination rate constant (Kel) was estimated as 0.136 1/h (mean: 0.167 1/h), the median apparent volume of distribution (V) was 42.3 L (mean: 49.5 L), the median half-life (T1/2) was calculated as 4.2 h (mean: 5.2 h), and the median total clearance (CL) was 6.64 L/h (mean 8.0 L/h). The obtained estimations of population PK parameters of linezolid are consistent with those previously published in the literature. For estimated PK parameters, interindividual variability was within 43–63% range. PK/PD modeling results showed that for the assumed MIC value of 1 mg/L, the estimates of the main PK/PD parameters (AUC0–24/MIC) were within the recommended target ranges in the majority of patients (except for 4 patients). For MIC = 2 mg/L, only 6 (26.1%) patients and for MIC = 4 mg/L only 2 (8.7%) patients had their AUC0–24/MIC values above 100.

Conclusions.

When treating critically ill patients, due to significant PK changes associated with disease severity and intensive care unit procedures, as well as significant interindividual variability, personalized linezolid dosing should preferably be guided by TDM. The use of specialized Bayesian population modeling software will enable individualization based on the primary PK/PD target (AUC0–24/MIC), which requires relatively complex calculations, even for rare TDM measurements. It will also allow for concentration monitoring to begin as soon as possible after therapy initiation, without waiting for steady-state distribution to be established. This approach helps improve the efficacy and safety of linezolid therapy

Comparative analysis of antimicrobial susceptibility testing results and applied interpretive standards in Russian Federation medical organizations

Thu, 20 Aug 2026 15:21:59 +0000

Objective.

To assess the categorization of antimicrobial susceptibility testing results using aggregated data from microbiology laboratories in the Russian Federation for 2023 and 2024, considering interpretation standards, their versions, microorganisms, and federal districts.

Materials and Methods.

A retrospective descriptive study of aggregated microbiology laboratory data for 2023 and 2024 was performed. Data from 494 laboratories in 2023 and 520 laboratories in 2024 were included. We assessed the use and recency of interpretation standards, the proportion of errors/inaccuracies among tested results, and their distribution by type, microorganism, federal district, and standard recency group. Year-to-year comparisons included absolute differences in proportions, 95% confidence intervals, paired analysis of comparable laboratories, and a multivariable quasi-binomial generalized linear model.

Results.

In 2023, errors/inaccuracies accounted for 125,435 of 1,694,993 tested results (7.4%); in 2024, they accounted for 244,461 of 2,506,844 results (9.8%). In both years, the highest proportion was observed in laboratories using only MUK 4.2.1890-04: 31.3% in 2023 and 41.0% in 2024. In the aggregated comparison, the 2024 proportion was higher by 2.35 percentage points; however, paired analysis of 377 laboratories did not demonstrate a statistically significant unidirectional change. In the multivariable model, higher proportions remained independently associated with the “only MUK 4.2.1890-04” group and with standards of unknown version year.

Conclusions.

The frequency of errors/inaccuracies in routine laboratory reporting is determined by the combined influence of interpretation standards, their recency, microorganisms, and regional data structure. The findings support systematic quality control of AST result categorization, including review of expected resistance, rare phenotypes, and cases where interpretive criteria are absent.

Genetic mechanisms of in vitro-induced flucytosine resistance in Candidozyma auris

Thu, 20 Aug 2026 15:19:56 +0000

Objective.

To develop an in vitro model for the development of Candidozyma auris resistance to flucytosine (5-FC) and characterize its associated mutational profile.

Materials and Methods.

An adaptive laboratory evolution study was performed on seven clinical C. auris isolates of the South Asian clade obtained from independent epidemiological foci in Russian hospitals. Isolates underwent stepwise selection with increasing 5-FC concentrations, with molecular verification at defined checkpoints. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined by broth microdilution (EUCAST). The coding sequences of FUR1, FCY1 and FCY2 were Sanger-sequenced and compared with the reference strain B8441. The fitness cost was additionally assessed as the area under the growth curve (AUC) under standard and subinhibitory conditions.

Results.

In all seven isolates resistance emerged rapidly and reproducibly: by passage P10 the 5-FC MIC rose to > 64 mg/L and persisted through P30. The FCY1 S70R substitution was present in all parental isolates and was not considered adaptive. Resistance was associated mainly with mutations in FUR1 (G68, and also L168F, E182Q) and FCY2 (Y353, G317*); in some lineages high MICs occurred without detectable changes in these genes. Evolved variants (P30) showed reduced growth activity (lower AUC) in the absence of the drug but outgrew parental isolates at the subinhibitory 5-FC concentration.

Conclusions.

Experimental selection of C. auris in the presence of flucytosine resulted in the rapid and reproducible emergence of high-level resistance, with MICs exceeding 64 mg/L. The resistant phenotype arose independently in several lineages and was associated with distinct alterations in genes involved in 5-FC metabolism, indicating genetic heterogeneity in the underlying adaptive mechanisms. In the absence of the drug, acquired resistance was accompanied by reduced growth, consistent with a fitness cost. However, exposure to a subinhibitory concentration of 5-FC shifted relative fitness in favor of the resistant variants. Thus, sustained exposure to low concentrations of flucytosine may promote the selection of resistant C. auris subpopulations despite their reduced baseline growth capacity.

Risk factors and prediction models for the presence of bacterial pathogens with clinically significant antimicrobial resistance phenotypes: a systematic review

Thu, 20 Aug 2026 15:17:46 +0000

Objective.

To systematically synthesize factors associated with the presence, colonization, infection, or acquisition of bacterial pathogens with clinically significant antimicrobial resistance phenotypes; to assess the variability of available quantitative estimates of these associations; and, separately, to characterize prediction models, clinical scores, and algorithms developed to estimate the probability of such outcomes.

Materials and Methods.

A systematic review was conducted of publications identified through a PubMed/MEDLINE search covering the period from January 1, 2000, to April 30, 2026, using terms related to risk factors and prediction, antimicrobial resistance, and clinical infectious syndromes. The review was prepared in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 principles. Of 2,277 bibliographic records identified, 1,316 underwent detailed assessment and role classification after initial screening. Primary risk-factor studies and prediction-model studies were analyzed separately. For risk-factor studies, characteristics of the investigated factors, clinical events, resistance phenotypes, study populations, and quantitative measures of association were extracted and standardized. Prediction models were analyzed at the level of distinct model units, including predictors, model structure, discrimination, calibration, and validation. Risk of bias was assessed using Quality In Prognosis Studies (QUIPS) for risk-factor studies and PROBAST+AI for prediction models. Owing to substantial clinical and methodological heterogeneity, the primary synthesis was descriptive.

Results.

The primary synthesis included 382 publications: 317 risk-factor studies and 65 predictionmodel studies. A total of 1,071 risk-factor records were extracted and, after within-publication consolidation, yielded 1,001 analytical units. Quantitative estimates were available for 738 (68.9%) records, and at least one adjusted estimate was reported in 179 (56.5%) studies. The most frequently represented domains included prior antimicrobial therapy, hospitalization or other healthcare exposure, demographic characteristics, comorbidities, invasive devices and procedures, and prior microbiological history or previously documented antimicrobial resistance. According to QUIPS, the overall risk of bias was low in 3 (0.9%) studies, moderate in 291 (91.8%), and high in 23 (7.3%).

Conclusions.

The evidence base on risk factors for antimicrobial resistance is concentrated around a limited set of recurring clinical domains. However, quantitative estimates of their associations vary substantially according to the resistance phenotype, clinical event, study population, and healthcare setting. Accordingly, the identified factors should primarily be considered candidate variables for subsequent risk stratification rather than universally applicable quantitative effect estimates. Prediction models demonstrate the feasibility of multidimensional risk assessment, but their direct clinical implementation is limited by heterogeneity, limited reproducibility, infrequent reporting of calibration, and scarce external validation. Practical use of published risk factors and prediction models requires assessment of their transportability and mandatory evaluation in the local target population.

Antibiotics and probiotics: old challenges and novel decisions. Resolution of Summit of Exper ts

Thu, 20 Aug 2026 15:13:42 +0000

Biapenem use in pediatric patients: current state of knowledge

Thu, 20 Aug 2026 15:11:50 +0000

Ceftobiprole: an update on microbiological activity, clinical efficacy, and safety across diverse patient populations (a literature review)

Thu, 20 Aug 2026 15:10:10 +0000

Two-level combined probiotics – a new paradigm for the prevention of respiratory tract infections and antibiotic-associated conditions

Thu, 20 Aug 2026 15:08:06 +0000

Development of a molecular typing scheme for Chlamydia trachomatis based on the analysis of highly variable genomic loci

Thu, 20 Aug 2026 15:05:38 +0000

Objective.

To develop a molecular typing scheme for Chlamydia trachomatis to enable molecular epidemiological monitoring of this pathogen in the Russian Federation.

Materials and Methods.

A set of conserved and accessory genes from 430 C. trachomatis isolates of diverse geographical and phylogenetic origins was analyzed to identify loci involved in the intraspecies clustering of the pathogen. Whole-genome sequencing data for the isolates in FASTA and FASTQ formats were obtained from the PubMLST database. To generate genetic profiles of the studied C. trachomatis isolates based on the selected loci, a bioinformatics data processing pipeline was employed, which included sequence alignment to reference genomes, analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms within the loci, annotation and identification of orthologs, and extraction of the selected loci into an individual isolate genetic profile. Visualization of the phylogenetic analysis of the studied C. trachomatis isolates was performed using R- and Python-based analytical packages.

Results.

A panel of 188 genes involved in the intraspecies clustering of C. trachomatis was compiled, forming the basis of a novel molecular typing scheme for this pathogen intended for molecular epidemiological surveillance. The bioinformatics analysis of genetic profiles from 430 isolates of various geographical and phylogenetic origins demonstrated that the discriminatory power of the developed typing scheme is comparable to that of cgMLST, despite the latter using a much larger number of loci in the analysis.

Conclusions.

The developed molecular typing scheme enables effective molecular epidemiological analysis of the causative agent of chlamydial infection. The development of a reagent kit for DNA library preparation followed by NGS sequencing will facilitate the efficient implementation of this typing scheme in surveillance practice and allow the creation of a profile database for domestic C. trachomatis isolates.

CMAC 2026; 28(2) on КМАХ

Compassionate-use rezafungin for proven deep-seated invasive candidiasis caused by Candidozyma auris: a clinical case report

Sepsis caused by Lactobacillus: a clinical case report

Treatment of disseminated mycobacteriosis caused by *Mycobacterium avium* in HIV patients using bedaquiline: clinical examples

Local experience in adapting «SCAT 2025» scale for risk stratification of resistant pathogens and selection of initial empirical antimicrobial therapy in a multispecialty children’s hospital

Objective.

Materials and Methods.

Results.

Conclusions.

Monitoring of macrolide resistance in *Mycoplasma pneumoniae* isolated from children in Smolensk region in 2009–2024: DeMaRes study

Objective.

Materials and Methods.

Results.

Conclusions.

Molecular genetic features and prevalence of tetracycline resistance genes in Salmonella enterica

Objective.

Materials and Methods.

Results.

Conclusions.

Whole-genome analysis of a probiotic strain Lactocaseibacillus – identification of genetic determinants for bacteriocin production as a basis for standardization of mono- and multicomponent probiotics

Objective.

Materials and Methods.

Results.

Conclusions.

Knowledge architecture in antimicrobial therapy: from cluster stratification to correlation map

Objective.

Materials and Methods.

Results.

Conclusions.

Population pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modeling of linezolid in critically ill adult patients

Objective.

Materials and Methods.

Results.

Conclusions.

Comparative analysis of antimicrobial susceptibility testing results and applied interpretive standards in Russian Federation medical organizations

Objective.

Materials and Methods.

Results.

Conclusions.

Genetic mechanisms of *in vitro*-induced flucytosine resistance in Candidozyma auris

Objective.

Materials and Methods.

Results.

Conclusions.

Risk factors and prediction models for the presence of bacterial pathogens with clinically significant antimicrobial resistance phenotypes: a systematic review

Objective.

Materials and Methods.

Results.

Conclusions.

Antibiotics and probiotics: old challenges and novel decisions. Resolution of Summit of Exper ts

Biapenem use in pediatric patients: current state of knowledge

Ceftobiprole: an update on microbiological activity, clinical efficacy, and safety across diverse patient populations (a literature review)

Two-level combined probiotics – a new paradigm for the prevention of respiratory tract infections and antibiotic-associated conditions

Development of a molecular typing scheme for *Chlamydia trachomatis* based on the analysis of highly variable genomic loci

Objective.

Materials and Methods.

Results.

Conclusions.

Treatment of disseminated mycobacteriosis caused by Mycobacterium avium in HIV patients using bedaquiline: clinical examples

Monitoring of macrolide resistance in Mycoplasma pneumoniae isolated from children in Smolensk region in 2009–2024: DeMaRes study

Genetic mechanisms of in vitro-induced flucytosine resistance in Candidozyma auris

Development of a molecular typing scheme for Chlamydia trachomatis based on the analysis of highly variable genomic loci