Diagnosis, Management and Treatment of Hepatitis C

Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2006; 8(2):102-129

​ Ivashkin V.T.
Section
Guidelines
Type
Journal article
Publication
Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2006; 8(2):102-129

Abstract

According to the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases’ (AASLD) Practice Guidelines

  • 1. Alter M.J., Kruszon-Moran D., Nainan O.V., et al. The prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in the United States, 1988 through 1994. N Engl J Med 1999; 341:556-62.
  • 2. Kim W.R. The burden of hepatitis C in the United States. Hepatology 2002; 36 (Suppl. 1):S30-S34.
  • 3. Eddy D.M. Clinical decision making: from theory to practice. Benefit language: criteria that will improve quality while reducing costs. JAMA 1996; 275:650-7.
  • 4. American Gastroenterological Association. Policy statement on the use of medical practice guidelines by managed care organizations and insurance carriers. Gastroenterology 1995; 108:925-6.
  • 5. Gross P.A., Barrett T.L., Dellinger E.P., et al. Purpose of quality standards for infectious diseases. Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 1994; 18:421.
  • 6. Strader D.B., Wright T., Thomas D.L., Seeff L.B.; American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Diagnosis, management and treatment of hepatitis C. Hepatology 2004; 39:1147-71.
  • 7. Alter M.J. Prevention of spread of hepatitis C. Hepatology 2002; 36 (Suppl. 1):S93-S98.
  • 8. Recommendations for prevention and control of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and HCV-related chronic disease. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. MMWR Recomm Rep 1998; 47(RR-19):1-39.
  • 9. Jonas M.M. Children with hepatitis C. Hepatology 2002; 36 (Suppl. 1):S173-S178.
  • 10. Terrault N.A. Sexual activity as a risk factor for hepatitis C. Hepatology 2002; 36 (Suppl. 1):S99-S105.
  • 11. Mele A., Corona R., Tosti M.E., et al. Beauty treatments and risk of parenterally transmitted hepatitis: results from the hepatitis surveillance system in Italy. Scand J Infect Dis 1995; 27:441-4.
  • 12. Mansell C.J., Locarnini S.A. Epidemiology of hepatitis C in the East. Semin Liver Dis 1995; 15:15-32.
  • 13. McHutchison J.G., Gordon S.C., Schiff E.R., et al. Interferon alfa-2b alone or in combination with ribavirin as initial treatment for chronic hepatitis C. Hepatitis Interventional Therapy Group. N Engl J Med 1998; 339:1485-92.
  • 14. Carithers R.L. Jr, Marquardt A., Gretch D.R. Diagnostic testing for hepatitis C. Semin Liver Dis 2000; 20:159-71.
  • 15. Pawlotsky J.M. Use and interpretation of virological tests for hepatitis C. Hepatology 2002; 36 (5 Suppl. 1):S65-73.
  • 16. Pawlotsky J.M., Lonjon I., Hezode C., et al. What strategy should be used for diagnosis of hepatitis C virus infection in clinical laboratories? Hepatology 1998; 27:1700-2.
  • 17. Hoofnagle JH. Course and outcome of hepatitis C. Hepatology 2002; 36 (5 Suppl. 1):S21-29.
  • 18. Pawlotsky J.M. Molecular diagnosis of viral hepatitis. Gastroenterology 2003; 122:1554-68.
  • 19. Saldanha J., Lelie N., Heath A. Establishment of the first international standard for nucleic acid amplification technology (NAT) assays for HCVRNA. WHO Collaborative Study Group. Vox Sang 1999; 76:149-58.
  • 20. Simmonds P. Viral heterogeneity of the hepatitis C virus. J Hepatol 1999; 31 (Suppl. 1):54-60.
  • 21. Manns M.P., McHutchison J.G., Gordon S.C., et al. Peginterferon alfa-2b plus ribavirin compared with interferon alfa-2b plus ribavirin for initial treatment of chronic hepatitis C: a randomised trial. Lancet 2001; 358:958-65.
  • 22. Fried M.W., Shiffman M.L., Reddy K.R., et al. Peginterferon alfa-2a plus ribavirin for chronic hepatitis C virus infection. N Engl J Med 2002; 347:975-82.
  • 23. Hadziyannis S.J., Sette H., Morgan T.R., et al. Peginterferon alfa-2a (40 kilodaltons) and ribavirin combination therapy in chronic hepatitis C: randomized study of the effect of treatment duration and ribavirin dose. Ann Intern Med 2004; 140:346-55.
  • 24. Ansaldi F., Torre F., Bruzzone B.M., et al. Evaluation of a new hepatitis C virus sequencing assay as a routine method for genotyping. J Med Virol 2001; 63:17-21.
  • 25. Ross R.S., Viazov S.O., Holtzer C.D., et al. Genotyping of hepatitis C virus isolates using CLIP sequencing. J Clin Microbiol 2000; 38:3581-4.
  • 26. Blatt L.M., Mutchnick M.G., Tong M.J., et al. Assessment of hepatitis C virus RNA and genotype from 6807 patients with chronic hepatitis C in the United States. J Viral Hepat 2000; 7:196-202.
  • 27. Nolte F.S., Green A.M., Fiebelkorn K.R., et al. Clinical evaluation of two methods for genotyping hepatitis C virus based on analysis of the 5’ noncoding region. J Clin Microbiol 2003; 41:1558-64.
  • 28. Regev A., Berho M., Jeffers L.J., et al. Sampling error and intraobserver variation in liver biopsy in patients with chronic HCV infection. Am J Gastroenterol 2002; 97:2614-8.
  • 29. Fontaine H., Nalpas B., Poulet B., et al. Hepatitis activity index is a key factor in determining the natural history of chronic hepatitis C. Hum Pathol 2001; 32:904-9.
  • 30. Marcellin P., Asselah T., Boyer N. Fibrosis and disease progression in hepatitis C. Hepatology 2002; 36 (Suppl. 1):S47-S56.
  • 31. Bedossa P., Poynard T. An algorithm for the grading of activity in chronic hepatitis C. The METAVIR Cooperative Study Group. Hepatology 1996; 24:289-93.
  • 32. Ishak K., Baptista A., Bianchi L., et al. Histological grading and staging of chronic hepatitis. J Hepatol 1995; 22:696-9.
  • 33. Davis G.L., Lau J.Y. Factors predictive of a beneficial response to therapy of hepatitis C. Hepatology 1997; 26 (Suppl. 1):122S–127S.
  • 34. Poynard T., Marcellin P., Lee S.S., et al. Randomised trial of interferon alpha2b plus ribavirin for 48 weeks or for 24 weeks versus interferon alpha2b plus placebo for 48 weeks for treatment of chronic infection with hepatitis C virus. International Hepatitis Interventional Therapy Group (IHIT). Lancet 1998; 352:1426-32.
  • 35. Salomon J.A., Weinstein M.C., Hammitt J.K., Goldie S.J. Cost-effectiveness of treatment for chronic hepatitis C infection in an evolving patient population. JAMA 2003; 290:228-37.
  • 36. Garcia G., Keeffe E.B. Liver biopsy in chronic hepatitis C: routine or selective. Am J Gastroenterol 2001; 96:3053-5.
  • 37. Fontana R.J., Lok A.S. Noninvasive monitoring of patients with chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology 2002; 36 (Suppl. 1):S57–S64.
  • 38. Wong J.B., Koff R.S. Watchful waiting with periodic liver biopsy versus immediate empirical therapy for histologically mild chronic hepatitis C. A cost-effectiveness analysis. Ann Intern Med 2000; 133:665-75.
  • 39. Pradat P., Alberti A., Poynard T., et al. Predictive value of ALT levels for histologic findings in chronic hepatitis C: a European collaborative study. Hepatology 2002; 36 (Pt 1):973-7.
  • 40. Hui C.K., Belaye T., Montegrande K., Wright T.L. A comparison in the progression of liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C between persistently normal and elevated transaminases. J Hepatol 2003; 38:511-7.
  • 41. Strader D.B., Seeff L.B. The natural history of chronic hepatitis C infection. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1996; 8:324-8.
  • 42. Seeff L.B., Hoofnagle J.H. National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference: management of hepatitis C: 2002. Hepatology 2002; 36 (Suppl. 1):S1-S2.
  • 43. Fattovich G., Giustina G., Degos F., et al. Effectiveness of interferon alfa on incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma and decompensation in cirrhosis type C. European Concerted Action on Viral Hepatitis (EUROHEP). J Hepatol 1997; 27:201-5.
  • 44. Benhamou Y., Bochet M., Di Martino V., et al. Liver fibrosis progression in human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus coinfected patients. The Multivirc Group. Hepatology 1999; 30:1054-8.
  • 45. Poynard T., Bedossa P., Opolon P. Natural history of liver fibrosis progression in patients with chronic hepatitis C. The OBSVIRC, METAVIR, CLINIVIR, and DOSVIRC groups. Lancet 1997; 349:825-32.
  • 46. Harris D.R., Gonin R., Alter H.J., et al. The relationship of acute transfusion-associated hepatitis to the development of cirrhosis in the presence of alcohol abuse. Ann Intern Med 2001; 134:120-4.
  • 47. Poynard T., McHutchison J., Manns M., et al. Impact of pegylated interferon alfa-2b and ribavirin on liver fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Gastroenterology 2002; 122:1303-13.
  • 48. Reddy K.R., Wright T.L., Pockros P.J., et al. Efficacy and safety of pegylated (40-kd) interferon alpha-2a compared with interferon alpha-2a in noncirrhotic patients with chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology 2001; 33:433-8.
  • 49. Davis G.L., Wong J.B., McHutchison J.G., et al. Early virologic response to treatment with peginterferon alfa-2b plus ribavirin in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology 2003; 38:645-52.
  • 50. Jacobson I.M., Ahmed F., Russo M.W., et al. Pegylated interferon alfa-2b plus ribavirin in patients with chronic hepatitis C: a trial in non-responders to interferon monotherapy or combination therapy and in combination therapy relapsers: final results [Abstract]. Gastroenterology 2003; 124:A540.
  • 51. Shiffmann M.L., Di Bisceglie A.M., Lindsay K.L., et al. Peginterferon alfa-2a and ribavirin in patients with chronic hepatitis C who failed prior treatment. Gastroenterology 2004; 126:1015-23.
  • 52. Poynard T., McHutchison J., Davis G.L., et al. Impact of interferon alfa-2b and ribavirin on progression of liver fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology 2000; 32:1131-7.
  • 53. Yoshida H., Shiratori Y., Moriyama M., et al. Interferon therapy reduces the risk for hepatocellular carcinoma: national surveillance program of cirrhotic and noncirrhotic patients with chronic hepatitis C in Japan. IHIT Study Group. Inhibition of Hepatocarcinogenesis by Interferon Therapy. Ann Intern Med 1999; 131:174-81.
  • 54. Shakil A.O., Conry-Cantilena C., Alter H.J., et al. Volunteer blood donors with antibody to hepatitis C virus: clinical, biochemical, virologic, and histologic features. The Hepatitis C Study Group. Ann Intern Med 1995; 123:330-7.
  • 55. Martinot-Peignoux M., Boyer N., Cazals-Hatem D., et al. Prospective study on anti-hepatitis C virus-positive patients with persistently normal serum alanine transaminase with or without detectable serum hepatitis C virus RNA. Hepatology 2001; 34:1000-5.
  • 56. Rai R., Wilson L.E., Astemborski J., et al. Severity and correlates of liver disease in hepatitis C virus-infected injection drug users. Hepatology 2002; 35:1247-55.
  • 57. Persico M., Persico E., Suozzo R., et al. Natural history of hepatitis C virus carriers with persistently normal aminotransferase levels. Gastroenterology 2000; 118:760-4.
  • 58. American Academy of Pediatrics. Hepatitis C. In: Pickering L.K., editor. Red Book: 2003 Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. 26th ed. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics; 2003:336-40.
  • 59. Jonas M.M., Ott M.J., Nelson S.P., et al. Interferon-alpha treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus infection in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1998; 17:241-6.
  • 60. Bortolotti F., Resti M., Giacchino R., et al. Hepatitis C virus infection and related liver disease in children of mothers with antibodies to the virus. J Pediatr 1997; 130:990-3.
  • 61. Badizadegan K., Jonas M.M., Ott M.J., et al. Histopathology of the liver in children with chronic hepatitis C viral infection. Hepatology 1998; 28:1416-23.
  • 62. Guido M., Rugge M., Jara P., et al. Chronic hepatitis C in children: the pathological and clinical spectrum. Gastroenterology 1998; 115:1525-9.
  • 63. Bortolotti F., Giacchino R., Vajro P., et al. Recombinant interferon-alfa therapy in children with chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology 1995; 22:1623-7.
  • 64. Marcellini M., Kondili L.A., Comparcola D., et al. High dosage alpha-interferon for treatment of children and young adults with chronic hepatitis C disease. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1997; 16:1049-53.
  • 65. Di Marco V., Lo Iacono O., Almasio P., et al. Long-term efficacy of alpha-interferon in beta-thalassemics with chronic hepatitis C. Blood 1997; 90:2207-12.
  • 66. Jacobson K.R., Murray K., Zellos A., Schwarz K.B. An analysis of published trials of interferon monotherapy in children with chronic hepatitis C. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2002; 34:52-8.
  • 67. Comanor L., Minor J., Conjeevaram H.S., et al. Impact of chronic hepatitis B and interferon-alpha therapy on growth of children. J Viral Hepat 2001; 8:139-47.
  • 68. Bunn S., Kelly D., Murray K.F., et al. Safety, efficacy and pharmacokinetics of interferonalfa-2b and ribavirin in children with chronic hepatitis C [Abstract]. Hepatology 2000; 32:350A.
  • 69. Gonzalez-Peralta R., Haber B.A., Jonas M., et al. Interferon-alfa 2b in combination with ribavirin for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C in children [Abstract]. Hepatology 2002; 36 (Pt 2):311A.
  • 70. Sherman K.E., Rouster S.D., Chung R.T., Rajicic N. Hepatitis C virus prevalence among patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus: a cross-sectional analysis of the US adult AIDS Clinical Trials Group. Clin Infect Dis 2002; 34:831-7.
  • 71. Bica I., McGovern B., Dhar R., et al. Increasing mortality due to end-stage liver disease in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Clin Infect Dis 2001; 32:492-7.
  • 72. Monga H.K., Rodriguez-Barradas M.C., Breaux K., et al. Hepatitis C virus infection-related morbidity and mortality among patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Clin Infect Dis 2001; 33:240-7.
  • 73. Bonacini M., Lin H.J., Hollinger F.B. Effect of coexisting HIV-1 infection on the diagnosis and evaluation of hepatitis C virus. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2001; 26:340-4.
  • 74. Thomas D.L. Hepatitis C and human immunodeficiency virus infection. Hepatology 2002; 36 (Suppl. 1): S201-S209.
  • 75. Graham C.S., Baden L.R., Yu E., et al. Influence of human immunodeficiency virus infection on the course of hepatitis C virus infection: a meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis 2001; 33:562-9.
  • 76. Sulkowski M.S., Thomas D.L., Chaisson R.E., Moore R.D. Hepatotoxicity associated with antiretroviral therapy in adults infected with human immunodeficiency virus and the role of hepatitis C or B virus infection. JAMA 2000; 283:74-80.
  • 77. Soriano V., Garcia-Samaniego J., Bravo R., et al. Interferon alpha for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Hepatitis-HIV Spanish Study Group. Clin Infect Dis 1996; 23:585-91.
  • 78. Soriano V., Bravo R., Garcia-Samaniego J., et al. Relapses of chronic hepatitis C in HIV-infected patients who responded to interferon therapy. Hepatitis/HIV Spanish Study Group. AIDS 1997; 11:400-1.
  • 79. Chung R.T., Andersen J., Volberding P., et al. Peginterferon alfa-2a plus ribavirin versus interferon-alfa-2a plus ribavirin for chronic hepatitis C in HIV-coinfected persons. N Engl J Med 2004; 351:451-9.
  • 80. Carrat F., Bani-Sadr F., Pol S., et al. Pegylated interferon alfa-2b vs standard interferon alfa-2b, plus ribavirin, for chronic hepatitis C in HIV-infected patients: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2004; 292:2839-48.
  • 81. Torriani F.J., Rockstroh J., Rodriguez-Torres M., et al. Peginterferon alfa-2a plus ribavirin for chronic hepatitis C virus infection in HIV-infected patients. N Engl J Med 2004; 351:438-50.
  • 82. Khalili M., Bernstein D., Lentz E., et al. Pegylated interferon alpha-2a with or without ribavirin in HCV/HIV coinfection: partially blinded, randomized multicenter trial. Dig Dis Sci 2005; 50:1148-55.
  • 83. Moore R.D. Human immunodeficiency virus infection, anemia, and survival. Clin Infect Dis 1999; 29:44-9.
  • 84. Bani-Sadr F., Carrat F., Pol S., et al. Risk factors for symptomatic mitochondrial toxicity in HIV/hepatitis C virus-coinfected patients during interferon plus ribavirin-based therapy. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2005; 40:47-52.
  • 85. Salmon-Ceron D., Chauvelot-Moachon L., Abad S., et al. Mitochondrial toxic effects and ribavirin. Lancet 2001; 357:1803-4.
  • 86. Squibb B.M. Videx-EC Patient Information. 2003. Available at: www.videx.com.
  • 87. Zylberberg H., Benhamou Y., Lagneaux J.L., et al. Safety and efficacy of interferon-ribavirin combination therapy in HCV-HIV coinfected subjects: an early report. Gut 2000; 47:694-7.
  • 88. Landau A., Batisse D., Piketty C., et al. Lack of interference between ribavirin and nucleosidic analogues in HIV/HCV coinfected individuals undergoing concomitant antiretroviral and anti-HCV combination therapy. AIDS 2000; 14:1857-8.
  • 89. Fox R. Hepatitis C virus outside the liver. Current Hepatitis Reports 2003; 2:117-24.
  • 90. Huang C.C. Hepatitis in patients with end-stage renal disease. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1997; 12:S236-S241.
  • 91. Stehman-Breen C.O., Emerson S., Gretch D., Johnson R.J. Risk of death among chronic dialysis patients infected with hepatitis C virus. Am J Kidney Dis 1998; 32:629-34.
  • 92. Hanafusa T., Ichikawa Y., Kishikawa H., et al. Retrospective study on the impact of hepatitis C virus infection on kidney transplant patients over 20 years. Transplantation 1998; 66:471-6.
  • 93. Mathurin P., Mouquet C., Poynard T., et al. Impact of hepatitis B and C virus on kidney transplantation outcome. Hepatology 1999; 29:257-63.
  • 94. Zuckerman E., Keren D., Slobodin G., et al. Treatment of refractory, symptomatic, hepatitis C virus related mixed cryoglobulinemia with ribavirin and interferon-alpha. J Rheumatol 2000; 27:2172-8.
  • 95. Gordon A.C., Edgar J.D., Finch R.G. Acute exacerbation of vasculitis during interferon-alpha therapy for hepatitis C-associated cryoglobulinaemia. J Infect 1998; 36:229-30.
  • 96. Ohta S., Yokoyama H., Wada T., et al. Exacerbation of glomerulonephritis in subjects with chronic hepatitis C virus infection after interferon therapy. Am J Kidney Dis 1999; 33:1040-8.
  • 97. Suzuki T., Yonemura K., Miyaji T., et al. Progressive renal failure and blindness due to retinal hemorrhage after interferon therapy for hepatitis C virus-associated membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. Intern Med 2001; 40:708-12.
  • 98. Meyers C.M., Seeff L.B., Stehman-Breen O., Hoofnagle J.H. Hepatitis C and renal disease: an update. Am J Kidney Dis 2003; 42:631-57.
  • 99. Furusyo N., Hayashi J., Kanamoto-Tanaka Y., et al. Liver damage in hemodialysis patients with hepatitis C virus viremia: a prospective 10-year study. Dig Dis Sci 2000; 45:2221-8.
  • 100. Sterling R.K., Sanyal A.J., Luketic V.A., et al. Chronic hepatitis C infection in patients with end stage renal disease: characterization of liver histology and viral load in patients awaiting renal transplantation. Am J Gastroenterol 1999; 94:3576-82.
  • 101. Tan A.C., Brouwer J.T., Glue P., et al. Safety of interferon and ribavirin therapy in haemodialysis patients with chronic hepatitis C: results of a pilot study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2001; 16:193-5.
  • 102. Bruchfeld A., Lindahl K., Schvarcz R., Stahle L. Dosage of ribavirin in patients with hepatitis C should be based on renal function: a population pharmacokinetic analysis. Ther Drug Monit 2002; 24:701-8.
  • 103. Sulkowski M., Wasserman R., Brooks L., et al. Changes in hemoglobin during interferon alfa 2b plus ribavirin combination therapy for hepatitis C virus infection. J Viral Hepat 2004; 11:243-50.
  • 104. Campistol J.M., Esforzado N., Martinez J., et al. Efficacy and tolerance of interferon-alpha(2b) in the treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus infection in haemodialysis patients. Pre- and post-renal transplantation assessment. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1999; 14:2704-9.
  • 105. Degos F., Pol S., Chaix M.L., et al. The tolerance and efficacy of interferon-alpha in haemodialysis patients with HCV infection: a multicentre, prospective study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2001; 16:1017-23.
  • 106. Huraib S., Tanimu D., Romeh S.A., et al. Interferon-alpha in chronic hepatitis C infection in dialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 1999; 34:55-60.
  • 107. Everson G.T., Trouillot T., Trotter J., et al. Treatment of decompensated cirrhotics with a low-accelerating dose regimen (LADR) of interferon-alfa-2b plus ribavirin: safety and efficacy [Abstract]. Hepatology 2000; 32:308A.
  • 108. Everson G.T. Treatment of patients with hepatitis C on the waiting list. Liver Transpl 2003; 9:S90-S94.
  • 109. Crippin J.S., McCashland T., Terrault N., et al. A pilot study of the tolerability and efficacy of antiviral therapy in hepatitis C virus-infected patients awaiting liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 2002; 8:350-5.
  • 110. Heathcote E.J., Shiffman M.L., Cooksley W.G., et al. Peginterferon alfa-2a in patients with chronic hepatitis C and cirrhosis. N Engl J Med 2000;343:1673-80.
  • 111. Dieterich D.T., Wasserman R., Brau N., et al. Once-weekly epoetin alfa improves anemia and facilitates maintenance of ribavirin dosing in hepatitis C virus-infected patients receiving ribavirin plus interferon alfa. Am J Gastroenterol 2003; 98:2491-9.
  • 112. Itri LM. The use of epoetin alfa in chemotherapy patients: a consistent profile of efficacy and safety. Semin Oncol 2002; 29 (Suppl. 8):81-7.
  • 113. Fried M.W. Side effects of therapy of hepatitis C and their management. Hepatology 2002; 36 (Suppl. 1): S237–S244.
  • 114. Hubel K., Dale D.C., Liles W.C. Therapeutic use of cytokines to modulate phagocyte function for the treatment of infectious diseases: current status of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and interferon-gamma. J Infect Dis 2002; 185:1490-501.
  • 115. Pereira B.J., Natov S.N., Bouthot B.A., et al. Effects of hepatitis C infection and renal transplantation on survival in end-stage renal disease. The New England Organ Bank Hepatitis C Study Group. Kidney Int 1998; 53:1374-81.
  • 116. Berenguer M., Lopez-Labrador F.X., Wright T.L. Hepatitis C and liver transplantation. J Hepatol 2001; 35:666-78.
  • 117. Chan T.M., Lok A.S., Cheng I.K., Ng I.O. Chronic hepatitis C after renal transplantation. Treatment with alpha-interferon. Transplantation 1993; 56:1095-8.
  • 118. Reddy K.R., Fried M.W., Dixon R., et al. Interferon alfa-2b and ribavirin vs placebo as early treatment in patients transplanted for hepatitis C end-stage liver disease: results of a multi-center, randomized trial. Gastroenterology 2002; 122:199.
  • 119. Shakil A.O., McGuire B., Crippin J., et al. A pilot study of interferon alfa and ribavirin combination in liver transplant recipients with recurrent hepatitis C. Hepatology 2002; 36:1253-8.
  • 120. Samuel D., Bizollon T., Feray C., et al. Interferon-alpha 2b plus ribavirin in patients with chronic hepatitis C after liver transplantation: a randomized study. Gastroenterology 2003; 124:642-50.
  • 121. Narayanan Menon K.V., Poterucha J.J., El-Amin O.M., et al. Treatment of posttransplantation recurrence of hepatitis C with interferon and ribavirin: lessons on tolerability and efficacy. Liver Transpl 2002; 8:623-9.
  • 122. Villano S.A., Vlahov D., Nelson K.E., et al. Persistence of viremia and the importance of long-term follow-up after acute hepatitis C infection. Hepatology 1999; 29:908-14.
  • 123. Alberti A., Boccato S., Vario A., Benvegnu L. Therapy of acute hepatitis C. Hepatology 2002; 36 (Suppl. 1): S195–S200.
  • 124. Poynard T., Regimbeau C., Myers R.P., et al. Interferon for acute hepatitis C. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2002; 1:CD000369.
  • 125. Pimstone N.R., Powell J.S., Kotfila R., et al. High dose (780MU/52 weeks) interferon monotherapy is highly effective treatment for acute hepatitis C [abstract]. Gastroenterology 2000; 118:A960.
  • 126. Jaeckel E., Cornberg M., Wedemeyer H., et al. Treatment of acute hepatitis C with interferon alfa-2b. N Engl J Med 2001; 345:1452-7.
  • 127. Gerlach J.T., Diepolder H.M., Zachoval R., et al. Acute hepatitis C: high rate of both spontaneous and treatment-induced viral clearance. Gastroenterology 2003; 125:80-8.
  • 128. Edlin B.R., Seal K.H., Lorvick J., et al. Is it justifiable to withhold treatment for hepatitis C from illicit-drug users? N Engl J Med 2001; 345:211-5.
  • 129. Gossop M., Marsden J., Stewart D., Rolfe A. Patterns of improvement after methadone treatment: 1 year follow-up results from the National Treatment Outcome Research Study. Drug Alcohol Depend 2000; 60:275-86.
  • 130. Sylvestre D.L. Treating hepatitis C in methadone maintenance patients: an interim analysis. Drug Alcohol Depend 2002; 67:117-23.
  • 131. Schaefer M., Schmidt F., Folwaczny C., et al. Adherence and mental side effects during hepatitis C treatment with interferon alfa and ribavirin in psychiatric risk groups. Hepatology 2003; 37:443-51.
  • 132. Mehta S.H., Cox A., Hoover D.R., et al. Protection against persistence of hepatitis C. Lancet 2002; 359:1478-83.
  • 133. Bassett S.E., Guerra B., Brasky K., et al. Protective immune response to hepatitis C virus in chimpanzees rechallenged following clearance of primary infection. Hepatology 2001; 33:1479-87.
  • 134. Asselah T., Vidaud D., Doloy A., et al. Second infection with a different hepatitis C virus genotype in an intravenous drug user during interferon therapy. Gut 2003; 52:900-2.
  • 135. Stein M.D., Maksad J., Clarke J. Hepatitis C disease among injection drug users: knowledge, perceived risk and willingness to receive treatment. Drug Alcohol Depend 2001; 61:211-5.
  • 136. Backmund M., Meyer K., Von Zielonka M., Eichenlaub D. Treatment of hepatitis C infection in injection drug users. Hepatology 2001; 34:188-93.
  • 137. Wiley T.E., McCarthy M., Breide L., et al. Impact of alcohol on the histological and clinical progression of hepatitis C infection. Hepatology 1998; 28:805-9.
  • 138. Noda K., Yoshihara H., Suzuki Y., et al. Progression of type C chronic hepatitis to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma - its relationship to alcohol drinking and the age of transfusion. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1996; 20 (Suppl):94A-100A.
  • 139. Pessione F., Degos F., Marcellin P., et al. Effect of alcohol consumption on serum hepatitis C virus RNA and histological lesions in chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology 1998; 27:1717-22.
  • 140. Romero-Gomez M., Grande L., Nogales M.C., et al. Intrahepatic hepatitis C virus replication is increased in patients with regular alcohol consumption. Dig Liver Dis 2001; 33:698-702.
  • 141. Westin J., Lagging L.M., Spak F., et al. Moderate alcohol intake increases fibrosis progression in untreated patients with hepatitis C virus infection. J Viral Hepat 2000; 9:235-41.
  • 142. Hourigan L.F., MacDonald G.A., Purdie D., et al. Fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C correlates significantly with body mass index and steatosis. Hepatology 1999; 29:1215-9.
  • 143. Ortiz V., Berenguer M., Rayon J.M., et al. Contribution of obesity to hepatitis C-related fibrosis progression. Am J Gastroenterol 2002; 97:2408-14.
  • 144. Vento S., Garofano T., Renzini C., et al. Fulminant hepatitis associated with hepatitis A virus superinfection in patients with chronic hepatitis C. N Engl J Med 1998; 338:286-90.
  • 145. Prevention of hepatitis A through active or passive immunization: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR 1999; 48(RR-12):1-37.
Views
0 Abstract
0 PDF
0 Crossref citations
Shared