1.
Чучалин А.Г., Синопальников.А.И., Страчунский Л.С. и соавт. Нозокомиальная пневмония у взрослых: практические рекомендации по диагностике, лечению и профилактике. Пособие для врачей. Пульмонология 2005; 3: 13-36.
2.
Гельфанд Б.Р., Белоцерковский Б.З., Проценко Д.Н. и соавт. Нозокомиальная пневмония в хирургии. Методические рекомендации. Инфекции и антимикробная терапия 2003; 5-6: 124-129.
3.
Bellomo R., Bagshaw S.M., Evidence-based medicine: classifying the evidence from clinical trials--the need to consider other dimensions. Crit Care 2006; 10(5): 232.
4.
Hospital-acquired pneumonia in adults: diagnosis, assessment of severity, initial antimicrobial therapy, and preventive strategies. A consensus statement, American Thoracic Society, November 199
5.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996; 153(5): 1711-25. 5. Guidelines for the management of adults with hospitalacquired, ventilator-associated, and healthcare-associated pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005; 171(4): 388-416.
6.
Kirtland S.H., et al. The diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia: a comparison of histologic, microbiologic, and clinical criteria. Chest 1997; 112(2): 445-57.
7.
Fagon J.Y., et al. Nosocomial pneumonia in patients receiving continuous mechanical ventilation. Prospective analysis of 52 episodes with use of a protected specimen brush and quantitative culture techniques. Am Rev Respir Dis 1989; 139(4): 877-84.
8.
Montravers P., et al. Diagnostic and therapeutic management of nosocomial pneumonia in surgical patients: results of the Eole study. Crit Care Med 2002; 30(2): 368-75.
9.
Rello J., et al. Impact of previous antimicrobial therapy on the etiology and outcome of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Chest 1993; 104(4): 1230-5.
10.
Trouillet J.L., et al. Ventilator-associated pneumonia caused by potentially drug-resistant bacteria. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998; 157(2): 531-9.
11.
Celis, R. et al., Nosocomial pneumonia. A multivariate analysis of risk and prognosis. Chest, 1988; 93(2): 318- 24.
12.
Kollef, M.H., et al., The effect of late-onset ventilatorassociated pneumonia in determining patient mortality. Chest 1995; 108(6): 1655-62.
13.
Bregeon F., et al. Is ventilator-associated pneumonia an independent risk factor for death? Anesthesiology 2001; 94(4): 554-60.
14.
Rello J., et al. Variations in etiology of ventilator-associated pneumonia across four treatment sites: implications for antimicrobial prescribing practices. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999; 160(2): 608-13.
15.
Эпидемиологическое наблюдение: принципы организации и методы проведения. Методические рекомендации. СПб, 2004; 19 с.
16.
Белобородов В.Б., Современный взгляд на лечение и профилактику инфекций в ОРИТ. М, 2005.
17.
Alberti C., et al. Epidemiology of sepsis and infection in ICU patients from an international multicentre cohort study. Intensive Care Med 2002; 28(2): 108-21.
18.
Климова Г.М., Акимкин В.Г., Карпун Н.А. и соавт. Эпидемиология и профилактика септических инфекционных осложнений у больных отделений реанимации и интенсивной терапии хирургического профиля. Эпидемиология и Вакцинопрофилактика 2006; 3 (28): 33-37.
19.
Gastmeier P., et al. Five years working with the German nosocomial infection surveillance system (Krankenhaus Infektions Surveillance System). Am J Infect Control 2003; 31(5): 316-21.
21.
Ricard J.C.G., Boucherie M., et al. VAPWAY project: A European audit of VAP prevention practices. Int Care Med 2008; 34 (Suppl 1)(S 36).
22.
Dodek P., et al. Evidence-based clinical practice guideline for the prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Ann Intern Med 2004; 141(4): 305-13.
23.
Richards M.J. et al. Nosocomial infections in combined medical-surgical intensive care units in the United States. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2000; 21(8): 510- 5.
24.
Vincent, J.L. et al. The prevalence of nosocomial infection in intensive care units in Europe. Results of the European Prevalence of Infection in Intensive Care (EPIC) Study. EPIC International Advisory Committee. JAMA 1995; 274(8): 639-44.
25.
Vincent J.-L., European Prevalence of Infection in Intensive Care. EPIC II study. 28th ISICEM, 2008.
26.
Baker A.M., Meredith J.W., Haponik E.F. Pneumonia in intubated trauma patients. Microbiology and outcomes. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996; 153(1): 343-9.
27.
Craig C.P., Connelly S. Effect of intensive care unit nosocomial pneumonia on duration of stay and mortality. Am J Infect Control 1984; 12(4): 233-8.
28.
Cunnion K.M., et al. Risk factors for nosocomial pneumonia: comparing adult critical-care populations. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996; 153(1): 158-62.
32.
Craven D.E., Steger K.A. Epidemiology of nosocomial pneumonia. New perspectives on an old disease. Chest 1995; 108(2 Suppl): 1S-16S.
33.
Papazian L., et al. Effect of ventilator-associated pneumonia on mortality and morbidity. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996; 154(1): 91-7.
34.
Heyland D.K., et al. The attributable morbidity and mortality of ventilator-associated pneumonia in the critically ill patient. The Canadian Critical Trials Group. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999; 159(4 Pt 1): 1249-56.
35.
Bercault, N. and T. Boulain, Mortality rate attributable to ventilator-associated nosocomial pneumonia in an adult intensive care unit: a prospective case-control study. Crit Care Med 2001; 29(12): 2303-9.
36.
Rello J., et al. Why do physicians not follow evidencebased guidelines for preventing ventilator-associated pneumonia?: a survey based on the opinions of an international panel of intensivists. Chest 2002; 122(2): 656- 61.
37.
Гельфанд Б.Р., Белоцерковский Б.З. и соавт. Нозокомиальная пневмония, связанная с искусственной вентиляцией лёгких (НПивл), у хирургических больных. М, 2000: 43с.
38.
Hunter J., Annadurai S., Rothwell M. Diagnosis, management and prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia in the UK. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2007; 24(11): 971-7.
39.
Kollef M.H. The prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia. N Engl J Med 1999; 340(8): 627-34.
41.
Chastre J., Fagon J.Y. Ventilator-associated pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 165(7): 867-903.
42.
A randomized trial of diagnostic techniques for ventilator-associated pneumonia. N Engl J Med 2006; 355(25): 2619-30.
43.
Chinsky K.D. Ventilator-associated pneumonia: is there any gold in these standards? Chest 2002; 122(6): 1883- 5.
44.
Fagon J.Y., et al. Nosocomial pneumonia in ventilated patients: a cohort study evaluating attributable mortality and hospital stay. Am J Med 1993; 94(3): 281-8.
45.
Masterton R.G., et al. Guidelines for the management of hospital-acquired pneumonia in the UK: report of the working party on hospital-acquired pneumonia of the British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. J Antimicrob Chemother 2008; 62(1): 5-34.
46.
Public health focus: surveillance, prevention, and control of nosocomial infections. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1992; 41(42): 783-7.
47.
Torres A., et al. Defining, treating and preventing hospital acquired pneumonia: European perspective. Intensive Care Med 2009; 35(1): 9-29.
48.
Sirvent J.M., et al. Tracheal colonisation within 24 h of intubation in patients with head trauma: risk factor for developing early-onset ventilator-associated pneumonia. Intensive Care Med 2000; 26(9): 1369-72.
49.
Drakulovic M.B., et al. Supine body position as a risk factor for nosocomial pneumonia in mechanically ventilated patients: a randomised trial. Lancet 1999; 354(9193): 1851-8.
50.
Ibrahim, E.H., et al. Early versus late enteral feeding of mechanically ventilated patients: results of a clinical trial. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2002; 26(3): 174-81.
51.
Craven D.E., Driks M.R. Nosocomial pneumonia in the intubated patient. Semin Respir Infect 1987; 2(1): 20- 33.
52.
Craven D.E., et al. Risk factors for pneumonia and fatality in patients receiving continuous mechanical ventilation. Am Rev Respir Dis 1986; 133(5): 792-6.
53.
Winterbauer R.H., et al. Aspirated nasogastric feeding solution detected by glucose strips. Ann Intern Med 1981; 95(1): 67-8.
54.
Holzapfel L., et al. Influence of long-term oro- or nasotracheal intubation on nosocomial maxillary sinusitis and pneumonia: results of a prospective, randomized, clinical trial. Crit Care Med 1993; 21(8): 1132-8.
55.
Adair C.G., et al. Implications of endotracheal tube biofilm for ventilator-associated pneumonia. Intensive Care Med 1999; 25(10): 1072-6.
56.
Pingleton S.K., Hinthorn D.R., Liu C. Enteral nutrition in patients receiving mechanical ventilation. Multiple sources of tracheal colonization include the stomach. Am J Med 1986; 80(5): 827-32.
57.
Torres A., et al. Pulmonary aspiration of gastric contents in patients receiving mechanical ventilation: the effect of body position. Ann Intern Med 1992; 116(7): 540-3.
58.
Pugin J., et al. Diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia by bacteriologic analysis of bronchoscopic and nonbronchoscopic “blind” bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991; 143(5 Pt 1): 1121-9.
59.
Luna C.M., et al. Resolution of ventilator-associated pneumonia: prospective evaluation of the clinical pulmonary infection score as an early clinical predictor of outcome. Crit Care Med 2003; 31(3): 676-82.
60.
Chastre J., et al. Comparison of 8 vs 15 days of antibiotic therapy for ventilator-associated pneumonia in adults: a randomized trial. JAMA 2003; 290(19): 2588-98.
61.
Samama M.M., et al. A comparison of enoxaparin with placebo for the prevention of venous thromboembolism in acutely ill medical patients. Prophylaxis in Medical Patients with Enoxaparin Study Group. N Engl J Med 1999; 341(11): 793-800.
62.
Geerts W., Selby R. Prevention of venous thromboembolism in the ICU. Chest 2003; 124(6 Suppl): 357S-363S.
63.
Attia J., et al. Deep vein thrombosis and its prevention in critically ill adults. Arch Intern Med 2001; 161(10): 1268-79.
64.
Colwell C.W. Recent advances in the use of low molecular weight heparins as prophylaxis for deep vein thrombosis. Orthopedics 1994; 17 Suppl: 5-7.
65.
Geerts W.H., et al. A comparison of low-dose heparin with low-molecular-weight heparin as prophylaxis against venous thromboembolism after major trauma. N Engl J Med 1996; 335(10): 701-7.
66.
Vanek V.W. Meta-analysis of effectiveness of intermittent pneumatic compression devices with a comparison of thigh-high to knee-high sleeves. Am Surg 1998; 64(11): 1050-8.
67.
Agu O., Hamilton G., Baker D. Graduated compression stockings in the prevention of venous thromboembolism. Br J Surg 1999; 86(8): 992-1004.
68.
Cook D.J., et al. Stress ulcer prophylaxis in the critically ill: a meta-analysis. Am J Med 1991; 91(5): 519-27.
69.
Levy M.J., et al. Comparison of omeprazole and ranitidine for stress ulcer prophylaxis. Dig Dis Sci 1997; 42(6): 1255-9.
70.
Conrad S.A., et al. Randomized, double-blind comparison of immediate-release omeprazole oral suspension versus intravenous cimetidine for the prevention of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 2005; 33(4): 760-5.
71.
Kahn J.M., Doctor J.N., Rubenfeld G.D. Stress ulcer prophylaxis in mechanically ventilated patients: integrating evidence and judgment using a decision analysis. Intensive Care Med 2006; 32(8): 1151-8.
72.
Turgeon A.F., et al. Meta-analysis: intravenous immunoglobulin in critically ill adult patients with sepsis. Ann Intern Med 2007. 146(3): 193-203.
73.
Laupland K.B., Kirkpatrick A.W., Delaney A. Polyclonal intravenous immunoglobulin for the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock in critically ill adults A systematic review and meta-analysis*. Crit Care Med 2007.
74.
Kreymann K.G., et al. Use of polyclonal immunoglobulins as adjunctive therapy for sepsis or septic shock. Crit Care Med 2007; 35(12): 2677-85.
75.
Colin G., Annane D. Corticosteroids and human recombinant activated protein C for septic shock. Clin Chest Med 2008; 29(4): 705-12, x.
76.
Patterson T.F., et al. A nosocomial outbreak of Branhamella catarrhalis confirmed by restriction endonuclease analysis. J Infect Dis 1988. 157(5): 996-1001.
77.
Brochard L., et al. Noninvasive ventilation for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med 1995. 333(13): 817-22.
78.
Ferrer M., et al. Noninvasive ventilation in severe hypoxemic respiratory failure: a randomized clinical trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003; 168(12): 1438-44.
79.
Confalonieri M., et al. Respiratory intensive care units in Italy: a national census and prospective cohort study. Thorax 2001; 56(5): 373-8.
80.
Ferrer M., et al. Noninvasive ventilation during persistent weaning failure: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003; 168(1): 70-6.
81.
Antonelli M., et al. Predictors of failure of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation in patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure: a multi-center study. Intensive Care Med 2001; 27(11): 1718-28.
82.
Wheeler A.P., Carroll F.E. Bernard G.R. Radiographic issues in adult respiratory distress syndrome. New Horiz 1993; 1(4): 471-7.
83.
Malbouisson L.M., et al. Role of the heart in the loss of aeration characterizing lower lobes in acute respiratory distress syndrome. CT Scan ARDS Study Group. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 161(6): 2005-12.
84.
Malbouisson L.M., et al. Computed tomography assessment of positive end-expiratory pressure-induced alveolar recruitment in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 163(6): 1444-50.
85.
Mancebo J. Permissive hypercapnia in ARDS. Intensive Care Med 1998; 24(12): 1339-40.
87.
Amato M.B., et al. Beneficial effects of the “open lung approach” with low distending pressures in acute respiratory distress syndrome. A prospective randomized study on mechanical ventilation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995. 152(6 Pt 1): 1835-46.
88.
Mancebo J., et al. Comparison of the effects of pressure support ventilation delivered by three different ventilators during weaning from mechanical ventilation. Intensive Care Med 1995; 21(11): 913-9.
89.
Brochard L., et al. Tidal volume reduction for prevention of ventilator-induced lung injury in acute respiratory distress syndrome. The Multicenter Trail Group on Tidal Volume reduction in ARDS. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998; 158(6): 1831-8.
90.
Ranieri V.M., et al. Cardiorespiratory effects of positive end-expiratory pressure during progressive tidal volume reduction (permissive hypercapnia) in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Anesthesiology 1995; 83(4): 710-20.
91.
Eichacker P.Q., et al. Meta-analysis of acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome trials testing low tidal volumes. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 166(11): 1510-4.
92.
Jonson B., et al. Pressure-volume curves and compliance in acute lung injury: evidence of recruitment above the lower inflection point. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999; 159(4 Pt 1): 1172-8.
93.
Lu, Q., et al., Assessment of PEEP-induced reopening of collapsed lung regions in acute lung injury: are one or three CT sections representative of the entire lung? Intensive Care Med, 2001. 27(9): p. 1504-10.
94.
Dreyfuss D., Saumon G. Ventilator-induced lung injury: lessons from experimental studies. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998; 157(1): 294-323.
95.
Протокол ведения больных, диагностика и интенсивная терапия СОПЛ и ОРДС. Методические рекомендации Федерации анестезиологов-реаниматологов РФ. 2006.
96.
Ventilation with lower tidal volumes as compared with traditional tidal volumes for acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome. The Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Network. N Engl J Med 2000; 342(18): 1301-8.
97.
Bone R.C. The ARDS lung. New insights from computed tomography. JAMA 1993; 269(16): 2134-5.
98.
Ward N.S. Effects of prone position ventilation in ARDS. An evidence-based review of the literature. Crit Care Clin 2002; 18(1): 35-44.
99.
Stiller K. Physiotherapy in intensive care: towards an evidence-based practice. Chest 2000; 118(6): 1801-13.
100.
Graham W.G., Bradley D.A. Efficacy of chest physiotherapy and intermittent positive-pressure breathing in the resolution of pneumonia. N Engl J Med 1978; 299(12): 624-7.
101.
Kirilloff L.H., et al. Does chest physical therapy work? Chest 1985; 88(3): 436-44.
102.
Hess D.R. The evidence for secretion clearance techniques. Respir Care 2001; 46(11): 1276-93.
103.
Choe K.H., et al. Closing volume influences the postural effect on oxygenation in unilateral lung disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 161(6): 1957-62.
104.
Clini E.M., et al. Intrapulmonary percussive ventilation in tracheostomized patients: a randomized controlled trial. Intensive Care Med 2006; 32(12): 1994-2001.
105.
Rosenthal V.D., Guzman S., Safdar N. Reduction in nosocomial infection with improved hand hygiene in intensive care units of a tertiary care hospital in Argentina. Am J Infect Control 2005; 33(7): 392-7.
108.
Torres A., et al. Incidence, risk, and prognosis factors of nosocomial pneumonia in mechanically ventilated patients. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990; 142(3): 523-8.
109.
Гульдяев В.Г., Структурные изменения легких и некоторые вопросы патогенеза легочных осложнений при искусственной вентиляции в послеоперационном периоде. Автореф. дисс … канд. мед. наук. 1977, Москва.
110.
Santos C.C., Slutsky A.S. Mechanotransduction, ventilator-induced lung injury and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. Intensive Care Med 2000; 26(5): 638-42.
112.
Пермяков Н.К. Патология реанимации и интенсивной терапии. 1985, М.: Медицина.
113.
Голубев А.М., Лысенко Д.В. и др. ИВЛ-индуцированное острое повреждение легких (экспериментальное, морфологическое иследование) Общая реаниматология 2006; 4: 8-11.
114.
Fabregas N., et al. Histopathologic and microbiologic aspects of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Anesthesiology 1996; 84(4): 760-71.
115.
Rouby J.J. Histology and microbiology of ventilatorassociated pneumonias. Semin Respir Infect 1996; 11(1): 54-61.
116.
Kuhn Ch., Craighead J.E., et al., Infections of the lung. 10th ed. Anderson’s Pathology. 1996, St. Louis: Mosby Inc. 1488-98.
117.
Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease. 2004, Ph._L: Elsevier.
118.
Britigan B.E., et al. Interaction of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa secretory products pyocyanin and pyochelin generates hydroxyl radical and causes synergistic damage to endothelial cells. Implications for Pseudomonasassociated tissue injury. J Clin Invest 1992; 90(6): 2187- 96.
119.
Zurn L., Schafnitzl I. [The possibility of artificial pneumococcal infection in intratracheal anesthesia.]. Langenbecks Arch Klin Chir Ver Dtsch Z Chir 1952; 271(6): 540-6.
120.
Matsubara O., et al. Pathological changes of the lungs after prolonged inhalation of high concentrations of oxygen. Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histopathol 1986. 408(5):461-74.
121.
Papazian L., et al. Open-lung biopsy in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Anesthesiology 1998; 88(4):935-44.