Abstract
Antiretroviral drugs today are the basis of HIV therapy. The severe and progressive nature of the disease and the need for lifelong therapy make the correct choice of drugs for HIV therapy of particular importance. Alarge number of antiretroviral drugs, regular entering of the market by new compounds and quick renovation of information provide clinicians with a wide spectrum of opportunities in the choice of therapy, however, at the same time, it can make the selection of optimal antiretroviral drug regimen more difficult. This review presents the data on available antiretroviral drug classes. The descriptions of particular drugs are given. Indications, dosage, drug interactions and the most common side-effects are listed.
-
1.
Bartlett J.G. Medical Management of HIV Infection. Baltimore, MD, John Hopkins University, 2003.
-
2.
http://www.hivandhepatitis.com / hiv_and_aids / hiv_treat.html
-
3.
FDA notifications. FDA approves Fuzeon, the first fusion inhibitor. Aids Alert 2003; 18(6): 78-9.
-
4.
Markowitz M., Conant M., Hurley A., et al. A preliminary evaluation of nelfinavir mesylate, an inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 protease, to treat HIV infection. J Infect Dis 1998; 177:1533-40.
-
5.
Arribas J., Ibanez C., Ruiz-Antoran B., et al. Acute hepatitis in HIV-infected patients during ritonavir treatment. AIDS 1998 12:1722-4.
-
6.
Brau N., Leaf H.L., Wieczorek R.L., Margolis D.M. Severe hepatitis in three AIDS patients treated with indinavir. Lancet 1997 349:924-5.
-
7.
Vento S., Garofano T., Renzini C., et al. Enhancement of hepatitis C virus replication and liver damage in HIVcoinfected patients on antiretroviral combination therapy. AIDS 1998;12:116-7.
-
8.
John M., Flexman J., French M.A. Hepatitis C virus-associated hepatitis following treatment of HIV-infected patients with HIV protease inhibitors: an immune restoration disease? AIDS 1998;12:2289-93.
-
9.
Zylberberg H., Pialoux G., Carnot F., et al. Rapidly evolving hepatitis C virus-related cirrhosis in a human immunodeficiency virus-infected patient receiving triple antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis 1998;27:1255-8.
-
10.
Sulkowski M.S., Thomas D.L., Chaisson R.E., Moore R.D. Hepatotoxicity associated with antiretroviral therapy in adults infected with human immunodeficiency virus and the role of hepatitis C or B virus infection. JAMA 2000;283:74-80.
-
11.
Carr A., Cooper D.A. Adverse effects of antiretroviral therapy. Lancet 2000; 356: 1423-30.
-
12.
Coopman M.A., Johnson R.A., Platt R., Stern R.S. Cutaneous disease and drug reactions in HIV infection. N Engl J Med 1993; 328: 1670-4.
-
13.
Montaner J., Gigliotti M., Cahn P., et al. The effects of a short course of prednisone on the incidence of rash associated with nevirapine. Proceedings of the 13th World AIDS Conference, July, 2000; Durban, South Africa. Abstract WePpB1378.
-
14.
Henry K., Daar E.S. Antiretroviral rounds. The when, why and how of switching. AIDS Clin Care 2003; 15: 58-9.
-
15.
Claessens Y.E., Chiche J.D., Mira J.P., Cariou A. Benchto-bedside review: severe lactic acidosis in HIV patients treated with nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Crit Care 2003; 7:226-32.
-
16.
Brahams D. Deaths in US fialuridine trial. Lancet 1994; 343:1494-5.
-
17.
Miller K.D., Cameron M., Wood L.V., et al. Lactic acidosis and hepatic steatosis associated with use of stavudine: report of four cases. Ann Intern Med 2000;133:192-6
-
18.
Ogedegbe A.E., Thomas D.L., Diehl A.M. Hyperlactataemia syndromes associated with HIV therapy. Lancet Infect Dis 2003; 3: 329-37.
-
19.
Fouty B., Frerman F., Reves R. Riboflavin to treat nucleoside analogue-induced lactic acidosis. Lancet 1998; 352: 291-2.
-
20.
Luzzati R., Del Bravo P., Di Perri G., Luzzani A., Concia E. Riboflavine and severe lactic acidosis. Lancet 1999; 353: 901-2.
-
21.
Simpson D.M., Tagliati M. Nucleoside analogue-associated peripheral neuropathy in human immunodeficiency virus infection. J AIDS 1995; 9:153.
-
22.
Miller R.G. Neuromuscular complications of human immunodeficiency virus infection and antiretroviral therapy. West J Med 1994; 160: 447.
-
23.
Morello C.M., Leckband S.G., Stoner C.P., et al. Randomized double-blind study comparing the efficacy of gabapentin with amitriptyline on diabetic peripheral neuropathy pain. Arch Intern Med 1999; 159: 1931.
-
24.
Retrovir (zidovudine) product monograph [package insert]. Research Triangle Park, NC, Glaxo Wellcome, 1998.
-
25.
Maxson C.J., Greenfield S.M., Turner J.L. Acute pancreatitis as a common complication of 2,3-dideoxyinosine therapy in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol 1992; 87: 708.
-
26.
Videx (didanosine) product monograph [package insert]. Princeton, NJ, Bristol-Myers Squibb, October, 1999.
-
27.
Grasela T.H., Walawander C.A., Beltangady M., et al. Analysis of potential risk factors associated with the development of pancreatitis in phase I patients with AIDS or AIDS-related complex receiving didanosine. J Infect Dis 1994; 169:1250.
-
28.
Pedersen O.S., Pedersen E.B. Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors: the NNRTI boom. Antivir Chem Chemother 1999; 10:285-314.
-
29.
Molla A., Granneman G.R., Sun E., Kempf D.J. Recent developments in HIV protease inhibitor therapy. Antiviral Res 1998; 39: 1-23.
-
30.
Gallet B., Pulik M., Genet P., et al. Vascular complications associated with use of HIV protease inhibitors. Lancet 1998; 351:1958-9.
-
31.
Safrin S., Grunfeld C. Fat distribution and metabolic changes in patients with HIV infection. J AIDS 1999; 13: 2493-505.
-
32.
Miller K.D., Jones E., Yanovski J.A., et al. Visceral abdominal-fat accumulation associated with use of indinavir. Lancet 1998; 351: 871-5.
-
33.
Lo J.C., Mulligan K., Tai V.W., Algren H., Schambelan M. «Buffalo hump» in men with HIV-1 infection. Lancet 1998; 867-70.
-
34.
Brodie S.B., Keller M.J., Ewenstein B.M., et al. Variation in incidence of indinavir-associated nephrolithiasis among HIV-positive patients. J AIDS 1998; 12: 2433.
-
35.
Gurgo A.M., Massino Ferri F., Iulianella R., et al. Acute myocardial infarct in HIV-positive patients in treatment with protease inhibitors. Ital Heart J 2001; 2 (Suppl 11):1236-9.
-
36.
Barthelemy O., Escaut L., Vayre F., et al. Acute coronary syndromes in patients treated with HIV protease inhibitors. Presse Med 2002; 31: 343-8.
-
37.
Klein D., Hurley L.B., Quesenberry C.P. Jr, Sidney S. Do protease inhibitors increase the risk for coronary heart disease in patients with HIV-1 infection? J AIDS 2002; 30: 471-7.
-
38.
Dube M.P., Sprecher D., Henry W.K., et al. Adult AIDS Clinical Trial Group Cardiovascular Disease Focus Group. Preliminary guidelines for the evaluation and management of dyslipidemia in adults infected with human immunodeficiency virus and receiving antiretroviral therapy: Recommendations of the Adult AIDS Clinical Trial Group Cardiovascular Disease Focus Group. Clin Infect Dis 2000; 31: 1216-24.
-
39.
Henry K., Melroe H., Huebsch J., et al. Severe premature coronary artery disease with protease inhibitors. Lancet 1998; 351:1328.
-
40.
Visnegarwala F., Krause K.L., Musher D.M. Severe diabetes associated with protease inhibitor therapy. Ann Intern Med 1997; 127:947.
-
41.
Eastone J.A., Decker C.F. New-onset diabetes mellitus associated with use of protease inhibitor. Ann Intern Med 1997; 127:948.
-
42.
Monier P., McKown K., Bronze M.S. Osteonecrosis complicating highly active antiretroviral therapy in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Clin Infect Dis 2000; 31: 1488-92.
-
43.
Tebas P., Powderly W.G., Claxton S., et al. Accelerated bone mineral loss in HIV-infected patients receiving potent antiretroviral therapy. J AIDS 2000; 14(4): F63-7.
-
44.
Stenzel M.S., Carpenter C.C.J. The management of the clinical complications of antiretroviral therapy. Infect Dis Clin of North Am 2000; 14: 4.
-
45.
Daudon M., Estapa L., Viard J.P., et al: Urinary stones in HIV-1-positive patients treated with indinavir. Lancet 1997; 349:1294.
-
46.
Gentle D.L., Stoller M.L., Jarrett T.W., et al. Protease inhibitor-induced urolithiasis. Urology 1997; 50:508.