Chronic Hepatitis B: AASLD Practice Guidelines | CMAC

Chronic Hepatitis B: AASLD Practice Guidelines

Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2002; 4(2):164-193

​ Lok A.S.F., McMahon B.J.
Section
Guidelines
Type
Journal article
Publication
Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2002; 4(2):164-193
  • 1. Lok A.S., Heathcote E.J., Hoofnagle J.H. Management of Hepatitis B 2000, Summary of a Workshop. Gastroenterology 2001;120:1828-53.
  • 2. Gross P.A., Barrett T.L., Dellinger E.P., Krause P.J., Martone W.J., McGowan J.E., Sweet R.L., et al. Infectious Diseases Society of America quality standards for infectious diseases: purpose of quality standards for infectious diseases/ Clin Infect Dis 1994;18:421.
  • 3. Lee W. Hepatitis B virus infection. N Engl J Med 1997;337:1733-45.
  • 4. McQuillan G.M., Townsend T.R., Fields H.A., Carrol M., Leahy M., Polk B.F. Seroepidemiology of hepatitis B virus infection in the United States. Am J Med 1989;87(suppl 3A):5S-10S.
  • 5. CDC. Hepatitis B virus: a comprehensive strategy for limiting transmission in the United States through universal childhood vaccination. Recommendations of the Immunization Practices Advisory Committee (ACIP). MMWR 1991;40:RR-13:1-25.
  • 6. Beasley R.P. Hepatitis B virus: the major etiology of hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer 1988;61:1942-56.
  • 7. McMahon B.J. Hepatocellular carcinoma and viral hepatitis. In: Wilson R.A., ed. Viral Hepatitis. New York: Marcel Dekker; 1997. p.315-30.
  • 8. Seeger C., Mason W.S. Hepatitis B virus biology. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2000;64:51-68.
  • 9. Ganem D., Schneider R.J. Hepadnaviridae and their replication. In: Knipe D.M., Howlev P.M., Chanock R.M., Monath T.P., Roizman B., Straus S.E., eds. Fields Virology. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven, 2001:2703-37.
  • 10. Scaglioni P.P., Melegari M., Wands J.R. Biologic properties of hepatitis B viral genomes with mutations in the precore promoter and precore open reading frame. Virology 1997;233:374-81.
  • 11. Buckwold V.E., Xu Z., Chen M., Yen T.S., Ou J.H. Effects of a naturally occurring mutation in the hepatitis B virus basal core promoter on precore gene expression and viral replication. J Virol 1996;70:5845-51.
  • 12. Locarnini S., Birch C. Antiviral chemotherapy for chronic hepatitis B infection: lessons learned from treating HIV-infected patients. J Hepatol 1999;30:536-50.
  • 13. Maynard J.E. Hepatitis B: global importance and need for control. Vaccine 1990;8(Suppl):S18-S20.
  • 14. Mast E.E., Alter M.J., Margolis H.S. Strategies to prevent and control hepatitis B and C virus infections: a global perspective. Vaccine 1999;17:1730-3.
  • 15. Margolis H.S., Alter M.J., Hadler S.C. Hepatitis B: evolving epidemiology and implications for control. Semin Liver Dis 1991;11:84-92.
  • 16. CDC. Recommendations for protection against viral hepatitis. Recommendations of the Immunization Practices Advisory Committee (ACIP). MMWR 1985;34:313-35.
  • 17. CDC. Prevention of perinatal transmission of hepatitis B virus: prenatal screening of all pregnant women for hepatitis B surface antigen. Recommendations of the Immunization Practices Advisory Committee (ACIP). MMWR 1988;37:341-6.
  • 18. Scharschmidt B.F., Held M.J., Hollander H.H., Read A.E., Lavine J.E., Veereman G., McGuire R.F., et al. Hepatitis B in patients with HIV infection: relationship lo AIDS and patient survival. Ann Intern Med 1992;117:8378.
  • 19. Rodriguez-Mendez M.L., GonzalezQuintela A., Aguilera A, Barrio E. Prevalence, patterns and course of past hepatitis B virus infection in intravenous drug users with HIV-1 infection. Am J Gastroenterol 2000;95:1316-22.
  • 20. Bond W.W., Favero M.S., Petersen N.J., Gravelle C.R., Eben J.W., Maynard J.E. Survival of hepatitis B virus after drying and storage for one week [letter]. Lancet 1981;1:550-1.
  • 21. Petersen N.J., Barrett D.H., Bond W.W., Berquist K.R., Favero M.S., Bender T.R., Maynard J.E. Hepatitis B surface antigen in saliva, impetiginous lesions, and the environment in two remote Alaskan villages. Applied Environ Microbiol 1976:32:572-4.
  • 22. Beasley R.P., Hwang L.Y., Lee G.C.Y., Lin C.C., Roan C.H., Huang F.Y., Chen C.L. Prevention of perinatally transmitted hepatitis B virus infections with hepatitis B immune globulin and hepatitis B vaccine. Lancet 1983;1:1099-102.
  • 23. Beasley R.P., Hwang L.Y., Lin C.C., Leu M.L., Stevens C.E., Szmuness W., Chen K.P. Incidence of hepatitis B virus in preschool children in Taiwan. J Infect Dis 1982;146:198-204.
  • 24. Corsaget P., Yvonnet B., Chotard J., Vincelot P., Sarr M., Diouf C., Chiron J.P., et al. Ageand sex-related study of hepatitis B virus chronic carrier state in infants from an endemic area (Senegal). J Med Virol 1987;22:1-5.
  • 25. McMahon B.J., Alward W.L.M., Hall D.B., Heyward W.L., Bender T.R., Francis D.P., Maynard J.E. Acute hepatitis B virus infection: Relation of age to the clinical expression of disease and subsequent development of the carrier state. J Infect Dis 1985;151:599603.
  • 26. Tassopoulos N.C., Papaevangelou G.J., Sjogren M.H., Roumeliotou-Karayannis A., Gerin J.L., Purcell R.H. Natural history of acute hepatitis B surface antigen-positive hepatitis in Greek adults. Gastroenterology 1987;92:1844-50.
  • 27. Horvath J., Raffanti S.P. Clinical aspects of the interactions between human immunodeficiency virus and the hepatotropic viruses. Clin Infect Dis 1994;18:339-47.
  • 28. Bodsworth N., Donovan B., Nightingale B.N. The effect of concurrent human immunodeficiency virus infection on chronic hepatitis B: a study of 150 homosexual men. J Infect Dis 1989;160:577-82.
  • 29. Hoofnagle J.H., Dusheiko G.M., Seeff L.B., Jones E.A., Waggoner J.G., Bales Z.B. Seroconversion from hepatitis B e antigen to antibody in chronic type B hepatitis. Ann Intern Med 1981;94:7448.
  • 30. Viola L.A., Harrison I.G., Coleman J.C., Paradinal F.J., Fluker J.L., Evans B.A., Murray-Lyon I.M. Natural history of liver disease in chronic hepatitis B surface antigen carriers: survey of 100 patients from Great Britain. Lancet 1981;2:1156-9.
  • 31. Liaw Y.F., Chu C.M., Su I.J., Huang M.J., Lin D.Y., Chang-Chien C.S. Clinical and histological events preceding hepatitis B e antigen seroconversion in chronic type B hepatitis. Gastroenterology 1983;84:216-9.
  • 32. Fattovich G., Rugge M., Brollo L., Pontisso P., Noventa F., Guido M., Alberti A., et al. Clinical, virologic and histologic outcome following seroconversion from HBeAg to anti-HBe in chronic hepatitis type B. hepatology 1986;6:167-72.
  • 33. Lok A.S.F., Lai C.L., Wu P.C., Leung E.K.Y., Lam T.S. Spontaneous hepatitis e antigen to antibody seroconversion and reversion in Chinese patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Gastroenterology 1987;92:1839-43.
  • 34. Lok A.S., Lai C.L. A longitudinal follow-up of asymptomatic hepatitis B surface antigen-positive Chinese children. hepatology 1988;8:1130-3.
  • 35. Chang M.H., Hsu H.Y., Hsu H.C., Ni Y.H., Chen J.S., Chen D.S. The significance of spontaneous hepatitis e antigen seroconversion in childhood: with special emphasis on the clearance of hepatitis e antigen before 3 years of age. Hepatology 1995;22:1387-92.
  • 36. Lee P.I., Chang M.H., Lee C.Y., Hsu H.Y., Chen J.S., Chen P.J., Chen D.S. Changes in serum hepatitis B DNA and aminotransferase levels during the course of chronic hepatitis B virus infection in children. Hepatology 1990;12: 657-60.
  • 37. Lok A.S.K., Lai C.L. Acute exacerbations in Chinese patients with chronic hepatitis B (HBV) virus infection: Incidence, predisposing factors and etiology. J Hepatol 1990;10:29-34.
  • 38. Dusheiko G.M., Brink B.A., Conradie J.D., Marimuthu T., Sher R. Regional prevalence of hepatitis B, Delta, and human immunodeficiency virus infection in Southern Africa: a large population survey. Am J Epidemiol 1989;129:138-45.
  • 39. Bortolotti F., Cadrobbi P., Crivellaro C., Guido M., Rugge M., Noventa F., Calzia R., et al. Long-term outcome of chronic type B hepatitis in patients who acquire hepatitis B infection in childhood. Gastroenterology 1990;99:80510.
  • 40. Moreno M.R., Otero M., Millan A., Castillo I., Cabrerizo M., Jimenez F.J., Oliva H., et al. Clinical and histological outcome after hepatitis B e antigen to antibody seroconversion in children with chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology 1999;29:572-5.
  • 41. Stroffolini T., Mele A., Tosti M.E., Gallo G., Balocchini E., Ragni P., Santonastasi F., et al. The impact of hepatitis B mass immunisation campaign on the incidence and risk factors of acute hepatitis B in Italy. J Hepatol 2000;33:980-5.
  • 42. De Franchis R., Meucci G., Vecchi M., Tatarella M., Colombo M., Del Ninno E., Rumi N.G., et al. The natural history of asymptomatic hepatitis B surface antigen carriers. Ann Intern Med 1993;118:191-4.
  • 43. McMahon B.J., Hoick P., Bulkow L., Snowball M.M. Serologic and clinical outcomes of 1536 Alaska Natives chronically infected with hepatitis B virus. Ann Int Med 2001;135:759-68.
  • 44. Colin J.F., Cazals-Hatem D., Loriot M.A., Martinot-Peignoux M, Pham B.N., Auperin A., Degott C., et al. Influence of human immunodeficiency virus infection on chronic hepatitis B in homosexual men. Hepatology 1999;29: 1306-10.
  • 45. Dragosics B., Ferenci P., Hitchman E., Denk H. Long-term follow-up study of symptomatic HBsAg-positive voluntary blood donors in Austria: a clinical and histologic evaluation of 242 cases. Hepatology 1987;7:302-6.
  • 46. Davis G.L., Hoofnagle J.H., Waggoner J.G. Spontaneous reactivation of chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Gastroenterology 1984;86:230-5.
  • 47. Liaw Y.F., Tai D.I., Chu C.M., Pao C.C., Chen T.J. Acute exacerbation in chronic type B hepatitis: comparison between HBeAg and antibody-positive patients. Hepatology 1987;7:20-3.
  • 48. Fattovich G., Brollo L., Alberti A., Pontisso P., Giustina G., Realdi G. Long-term follow-up of anti-HBe-positive chronic active hepatitis B. Hepatology 1988;8:1651-4.
  • 49. Chan H.L.Y., Leung N.W.Y., Hussain M., Wong M.L., Lok A.S.F. Hepatitis B e antigen-negative chronic hepatitis B in Hong Kong. Hepatology 2000;31: 763-8.
  • 50. Brunetto M.R., Oliveri F., Rocca G., Criscuolo D., Chiaberge E., Capalbo M., David E., et al. Natural course and response to interteron of chronic hepatitis B accompanied by antibody to hepatitis B e antigen. Hepatology 1989;10:198-202.
  • 51. Lindh M., Andersson A.S., Gusdal A. Genotypes, nt 1858 variants, and geographic origin of hepatitis B virus large-scale analysis using a new genotyping method. J Infect Dis 1997;175:1285-93.
  • 52. Laras A., Koskinas J., Avgidis K., Hadziyannis S.J. Incidence and clinical significance of hepatitis B virus precore gene translation initiation mutations in e antigen-negative patients. J Viral Hepatitis 1998;5:241-8.
  • 53. Naoumov N.V., Schneider R., Grotzinger T., Jung M.C., Miska S., Pape G.R., Will H. Precore mutant hepatitis B virus infection and liver disease. Gastroenterology 1992:102:53843.
  • 54. Rodriguez-Frias F., Buti M., Jardi R., Cotrina M., Viladomiu L., Esteban R., Guardia J. Hepatitis B virus infection: precore mutants and its relation to viral genotypes and core mutations. Hepatology 1995;22:1641-7.
  • 55. Tu H., Xiong S.D., Trepo C., Wen Y.M. Frequency of hepatitis B virus e-minus mutants varies among patients from different areas of China. J Med Virol 1997;51:85-9.
  • 56. Shindo M., Hamada K., Koya S., Sokawa Y., Okuno T. The clinical significance of core promoter and precore mutations during the natural course and interferon therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Am J Gastroenterol 1999;94:237-45.
  • 57. Zarski J.P., Marcellin P., Cohard M., Lutz J.M., Bouche C., Rais A. Comparison of anti-HBe-positive and HBe-antigen-positive chronic hepatitis B in France. French Multicentre Group. J Hepatol 1994;20;636-40.
  • 58. Gray A.H., Fang J.W., Davis G.L., Mizokami M., Wu P.C., Williams R., Schuster S.M., et al. Variations of hepatitis B virus core gene sequence in Western patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection. J Viral Hepatitis 1997;4:371-8.
  • 59. Grandjacques C., Pradat P., Stuyver L., Chevallier M., Chevallier P., Pichoud C., Maisonnas M., et al. Rapid detection of genotypes and mutations in the precore promoter and the pre-core region of hepatitis B virus genome: correlation with viral persistence and disease severity. J Hepatol 2000;33:430-9.
  • 60. Hadziyannis S. Hepatitis B e antigen negative chronic hepatitis B: from clinical recognition to pathogenesis and treatment. Viral Hepatitis Rev 1995;1:7-36.
  • 61. Di Marco V., Camma C., Vaccaro A., Giunta M., Martorana G., Fuschi P., Almasio P., et al. The long-term course of chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology 1999;30:257-64.
  • 62. Brunetto M.R, Giarin M.M., Oliveri F., Chiaberge E., Baldi M., Alfarano A., Serra A., et al. Wild-type and e antigenminus hepatitis B viruses and course of chronic hepatitis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991;88:4186-90.
  • 63. Chu C.M., Yeh C.T., Chiu C.T., Sheen I.S., Liaw Y.F. Precore mutant of hepatitis B virus prevails in acute and chronic infections in an area in with hepatitis B is endemic. J Clin Microbiol 1996;34:1815-8.
  • 64. Kramvis A., Kew M.C., Bukofzer S. Hepatitis B virus precore mutants in serum and liver of Southern African blacks with hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol 1998;28:132-41.
  • 65. Lok A.S., Akarca U., Greene S. Mutations in the pre-core region of hepatitis B virus serve to enhance the stability of the secondary structure of the pre-genome encapsidation signal. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994;91:407781.
  • 66. Carman W.F., Jacyna M.R., Hadziyannis S., Karayiannis P., McGarvey M.J., Makris A., Thomas H.C. Mutation preventing formation of hepatitis B e antigen in patients with chronic hepatitis B infection. Lancet 1989;2:588-91.
  • 67. Okamoto H., Tsuda F., Akahane Y., Sugai Y., Yoshiba M., Moriyama K., Tanaka T., et al. Hepatitis B virus with mutations in the core promoter for an e antigen-negative phenotype in carriers with antibody to e antigen. J Virol 1994;68:8102-10.
  • 68. Magnius L.O., Norder H. Subtypes, genotypes and molecular epidemiology of the hepatitis B virus as reflected by sequence variability of the S-gene. Intervirology 1995;38:24-34.
  • 69. Adachi J., Kaneko S., Matsushita E., Inagaki Y., Unoura M., Kobayashi K. Clearance of HBsAg in seven patients with chronic hepatitis. Hepatology 1992;16:1334-7.
  • 70. LiawY.F., Sheen I.S., Chen T.J., Chu C.M., Pao C.C. Incidence, determinants and significance of delayed clearance of serum HBsAg in chronic hepatitis B virus infection: a prospective study. Hepatology 1991;13:627-31.
  • 71. Gandhi M.J., Yang G.G., McMahon B., Vyas G. Hepatitis B virions isolated with antibodies to the pre-S1 domain reveal occult viremia in surface antigen negative/antibody-positive carriers by polymerase chain reaction. Transfusion 2000:40:910-6.
  • 72. Yu M.W., Hsu F.C., Sheen I.S., Chu C.M., Lin D.Y., Chen C.J., Liaw Y.F. Prospective study of hepatocellular carcinoma and liver cirrhosis in asymptomatic chronic hepatitis B virus carriers. Am J Epidemiol 1997;145:1039-47.
  • 73. Liaw Y.F., Tai D.I., Chu C.M., Chen T.J. The development of cirrhosis in patients with chronic type B hepatitis: a prospective study. Hepatology 1988,8:493-6.
  • 74. Fatttovich G., Brollo L, Giustina G., Noventa F., Pontisso P., Alberti A., Realdi G., et al. Natural history and prognostic factors for chronic hepatitis type B. Gut 1991;32:294-8.
  • 75. Realdi G., Fattovich G., Hadziyannis S., Schalm S.W., Almasio P., SanchezTapias J., Christensen E., et al. Survival and prognostic factors in 366 patients with compensated cirrhosis type B: a multicenter study. The investigators of the European Concerted Action on Viral Hepatitis (EUROHEP). J Hepatol 1994;21:656-6.
  • 76. De Jongh F.E., Janssen H.L.A., De Man F.A., Hop W.C.J., Schalm S.W., Van Blankenstein M.V. Survival and prognostic indicators in hepatitis B surface antigen-positive cirrhosis of the liver. Gastroenterology 1992;103:1630-5.
  • 77. Fattovich G., Giustina G., Schalm S.W., Hadziyannis S., Sanchez-Tapias J., Almasio P., Christensen E., et al. Occurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma and decompensation in western European patients with cirrhosis type B. The EUROHEP Study Group on Hepatitis B Virus and Cirrhosis. Hepatology 1995;21:77-82.
  • 78. Niederau C., Heintges T., Lange S., Goldman G., Niederau C.M., Mohr L., Hausssinger D. Long-term follow-up of HBeAg-positive patients treated with interferon alfa for chronic hepatitis B. N Engl J Med 1996;334:1422-7.
  • 79. Fattovich G., Giustina G., Realdi G., Corroacher R., Schalm S.W., and the European Concerted Action of Viral Hepatitis (EUROHEP). Long-term outcome of hepatitis B e antigen-positive patients with compensated cirrhosis treated with interferon alfa. Hepatology 1997;26:1338-42.
  • 80. Lin S.M., Sheen I.S., Chien R.N., Chu C.M., Liaw Y.F. Long-term beneficial effect of interferon therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Hepatology 1999;29:971-5.
  • 81. Lau D.T., Everhart J., Kleiner D.E., Park Y., Vergalla J., Schmid P., Hoofnagle J.H. Long-term follow-up of patients with chronic hepatitis B treated with interferon alfa. Gastroenterology 1997;113:1660-7.
  • 82. Liaw Y.F., Lin D.Y., Chen T.J., Chu C.M. Natural course after the development of cirrhosis in patients with chronic type B hepatitis: a prospective study. Liver 1989;9:235-41.
  • 83. Chung H.T., Lai C.L., Lok A.S. Pathogenic role of hepatitis B virus in hepatitis B surface antigen-negative decompensated cirrhosis. Hepatology 1995;22:25-9.
  • 84. Huo T.I., Wu J.C., Lee P.C., Chau G.Y., Lui W.Y., Tsai S.H., Ting L.T., et al. Sero-clearance of hepatitis B surface antigen in chronic carriers does not necessarily imply a good prognosis. Hepatology 1998;28:231-6.
  • 85. Roudot-Thoraval F., Bastie A., Pawlotsky J.M., Dhumeax D., and the Study Group for the Prevalence and the Epidemiology of Hepatitis C Virus. Epidemiological factors affecting the severity of hepatitis C virus-related liver disease: a French survey of 6664 patients. Hepatology 1997;26:485-90.
  • 86. Housset C., Pol S., Carnot F., Dubois F., Nalpas B., Housset B., Berthelot P., et al. Interactions between human immunodeficiency virus-1, hepatitis delta virus and hepatitis B virus infections in 260 chronic carriers of hepatitis B virus. Hepatology 1992;15:578-92.
  • 87. Hadziyannis S.J. Hepatitis D. Clin Liver Dis 1999;3:309-25.
  • 88. Hadler S.C., Alcala de Monzon M., Rivero D., Perez M., Bracho A., Fields H. Epidemiology and long-term consequences of hepatitis Delta virus infection in the Yucpa Indians of Venezuela. Am J Epidemiol 1992;136:1507-16.
  • 89. Gaeta G.B., Stroffolini T., Chiaramonte M., Ascione T., Stornaiuolo G., Lorello S., Sagnelli E., et al. Chronic hepatitis D: a vanishing disease? An Italian multinational study. Hepatology 2000;32:824-7.
  • 90. Caredda F., Rossi E., d’Armmio Monteforte A., Zampini L., Re T., Meroni B., Moroni M. Hepatitis B virus-associated coinfection and superinfection with delta agent: Indistinguishable disease with different outcome. J Infect Dis 1985;151:925-8.
  • 91. Fattovich G., Boscaro S., Noventa F., Pornaro E., Stenico D., Alberti A., Ruol A., et al. Influence of hepatitis delta virus infection on progression to cirrhosis in chronic hepatitis type B. J Infect Dis 1987; 155:931-5.
  • 92. Fattovich G., Giustina G., Christensen E., Pantalena M., Zagni I., Realdi G., Schalm S.W., and the European Concerted Action on Viral Hepatitis (Eurohep). Influence of hepatitis delta virus infection on morbidity and mortality in compensated cirrhosis type B. Gut 2000;46:420-6.
  • 93. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Prevention of hepatitis A through active or passive immunization: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1996;45:1-30.
  • 94. Gerlich W.H., Thomssen R. Quantitative assays for hepatitis B virus DNA: standardization and quality control. Viral Hepatitis Reviews 1995;1:537.
  • 95. Hawkins A., Davidson F., Simmonds P. Comparison of plasma virus loads among individuals infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes 1, 2, and 3 by Quantiplex HCV RNA assay versions 1 and 2, Roche Monitor assay, and an in-house limiting dilution method. J Clin Microbiol 1997;35:187-92.
  • 96. Pawlotsky J.M., Bastie A., Hezode C., Lonjon I., Darthuy F., Remire J., Dhumeaux D. Routine detection and quantification of hepatitis B virus DNA in clinical laboratories: performance of three commercial assays. J Virol Methods 2000;85:11-21.
  • 97. Desmet V.J., Gerber M., Hoofnagle J.H., Manns M., Scheuer P.J. Classification of chronic hepatitis: diagnosis, grading and staging. Hepatology 1994;19:1513-20.
  • 98. Knodell R.G., Ishak K.G., Black W.C., Chen T.S., Craig R., Kaplowitz N., Kiernan T.W., et al. Formulation and application of a numerical scoring system for assessing histological activity in asymptomatic chronic active hepatitis. Hepatology 1981;1:431-5.
  • 99. Ishak K., Baptista A., Bianchi L., Callea F., De Groote J., Gudat F., Denk H., et al. Histological grading and staging of chronic hepatitis. J Hepatol 1995;22:696-9.
  • 100. The French Metavir Cooperative Study Group. Intraobserver and interobserver variations in liver biopsy interpretation in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology 1994;20:1520.
  • 101. Weissberg J.I., Andres L.L., Smith C.I., Weick S., Nichols J.E., Garcia G., Robinson W.S., et al. Survival in chronic hepatitis B. An analysis of 379 patients. Ann Intern Med 1984;101:613-6.
  • 102. Villa E., Rubbiani L, Barchi T., Ferretti I., Grisendi A., De Palma M., Bellentani S., et al. Susceptiblility of chronic symptomless HBsAg carriers to ethanol-induced hepatic damage. Lancet 1982;2:1243-5.
  • 103. Kim Y.I., Heathcote J., Wanless I.R. The hepatitis B carrier state – a follow-up study of 100 consecutive cases. Clin Invest Med 1987;10:383-7.
  • 104. Chevillotte G., Durbec J.P., Gerolami A., Berthezene P., Bidart J.M., Camatte R. Interaction between hepatitis B virus and alcohol consumption in liver cirrhosis: an epidemiologic study. Gastroenterology 1983;85:141-5.
  • 105. Imanishi T., Morikawa S., Ohmagari K., Kurihara S., Nishihata S., Kamiya T., Hayashida K., et al. The effect of habitual alcohol drinking on the development of type B chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Jpn J Gastroenterol 1988;85:692-8.
  • 106. Chung H.T., Lai C.L., Wu P.C., Lok A.S.F. Synergism of chronic alcoholism and hepatitis B infection in liver disease. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1989;4:11-6.
  • 107. Lok A.S.F., Lai C.L., Wu P.C. Prevalence of isolated antibody to hepatitis B core antigen in an area endemic for hepatitis B virus infection: Implications in hepatitis B vaccination programs. Hepatology 1988;8:766-70.
  • 108. McMahon B.J., Parkinson A.J. Clinical significance and management when antibody to hepatitis B core antigen is the sole marker for HBV infection. Viral Hepatitis Rev 2000;6:229-36.
  • 109. Wong V.C., Ip H.M., Reesink H.W., Lelie P.N. Prevention of the HBsAg carrier state in newborn infants of mothers who are chronic carriers of HBsAg and HBeAg by administration of hepatitis-B vaccine and hepatitis-B immunoglobulin. Lancet 1984;1: 921-6.
  • 110. Burk R.D., Hwang L.Y., Ho G.Y.F., Shafritz D., Beasley R.P. Outcome of perinatal hepatitis B virus exposure is dependent on maternal virus load. J Infect Dis 1994;170:1418-23.
  • 111. Harpaz R., Von Seidlein L., Averhoff F.M., Tormey M.P., Sinha S.D., Kotsopoulou K., Lambert S.B., et al. Transmission of hepatitis B virus to multiple patients from a surgeon without evidence of inadequate infection control. N Engl J Med 1996;334:54954.
  • 112. Gerberding J.L. The infected health care provider. N Engl J Med 1996;334:594-5.
  • 113. CDC. Recommendations for preventing transmission of human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis B virus to patients during exposure-prone invasive procedures. MMWR 1991;40: RR-8:1-7.
  • 114. Heyward W.L., Bender T.R., Lanier A.P., Francis D.P., McMahon B.J., Maynard J.E. Serologic markers of hepatitis B virus and alpha-fetoprotein levels preceding primary hepatocellular carcinoma in Alaskan Eskimos. Lancet 1982;2:889-91.
  • 115. Johnson P.J., Williams R. Serum alpha-fetoprotein estimations and doubling time in hepatocellular carcinoma: Influence of therapy and possible value in early detection. J Nat Cancer Inst 1980;64:1329-32.
  • 116. Kaneko S., Unoura M., Kobayashi K. Early detection of hepatocellular carcinoma. In: Okuda K. and Tabor E., eds. Liver Cancer. New York: Churchill Livingstone 1997;393-406.
  • 117. Sheu J.C., Sung J.L., Chen D.S., Yang P.M., Lai M.Y., Lee C.S., Hsu H.C., et al. Growth rate of asymptomatic hepatocellular carcinoma and its clinical implications. Gastroenterology 1985;89:259-66.
  • 118. Tang Z.Y., Yang B.H., Zhou X.D. Primary prevention of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1995;10:683-90.
  • 119. McMahon B.J., Bulkow L., Harpster A., Snowball M., Lanier A., Sacco F., Dunaway E., et al. Screening for hepatocellular carcinoma in Alaska Natives infected with chronic hepatitis B: a 16-year population-based study. Hepatology 2000;32:842-6.
  • 120. Lee C.S., Sheu J.C., Wang M., Hsu H.C. Long-term outcome after surgery for asymptomatic small hepatocellular carcinoma. Br J Surg 1996;83:330-3.
  • 121. Mima S., Sekiya C., Kanagawa H., Kohyama H., Gotoh K., Mizuo H., Ijiri M., et al. Mass screening for hepatocellular carcinoma: experience in Hokkaido, Japan. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1994;9:361-655.
  • 122. Sherman M., Peltekian K.M., Lee C. Screening for hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic carriers of hepatitis B virus: incidence and prevalence of hepatocellular carcinoma in a North American urban population. Hepatology 1995;22:432-7.
  • 123. Sheu J.C., Sung J.L., Chen D.S., Lai M.Y., Wang T.H., Yu J.Y., Yang P.M. Early detection of hepatocellular carcinoma by real-time ultrasonography. Cancer 1985;56:660-6.
  • 124. Dusheiko G.M., Hobbs K.E.F., Dick R., Burroughs A.K. Treatment of small hepatocellular carcinomas. Lancet 1992;340:285-8.
  • 125. Mor E., Kaspa R.T., Sheiner P., Schwartz M. Treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma associated with cirrhosis in the era of liver transplantation. Ann Intern Med 1998;129:643-53.
  • 126. Liu C.L., Fan S.T. Nonresectional therapies for hepatocellular carcinoma. Am J Surg 1997;173:358-65.
  • 127. Murakami R., Yoshimatsu S., Yamashita Y., Matsukawa T., Takahashi M., Sagara K. Treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: value of percutaneous microwave coagulation. Am J Radiol 1995;164:1159-64.
  • 128. Matsuzaki Y., Osuga T., Saito Y., Chuganji Y., Tanaka N., Shoda J., Tsuji H., et al. A new, effective, and safe therapeutic option using proton irradiation for hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology 1994; 106:103241.
  • 129. Gazelle G.S., Goldberg S.N., Solbiati L., Livraghi T. Tumor ablation with radio-frequency energy. Radiology 2000;217:633-46.
  • 130. Zoli M., Magalotti D., Bianchi G., Gueli C., Marchesini G., Pisi E. Efficacy of a surveillance program for early detection of hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer 1996;78:977-85.
  • 131. Oka H., Kurioka N., Kim K., Kanno T., Kuroki T., Mizoguchi Y., Kobayashi K. Prospective study of early detection of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis. Hepatology 1990;12:680-7.
  • 132. Cottone M., Turri M., Caltagirone M., Parisi P., Orlando A., Fiorentino G., VirdoneR., et al. Screening for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with Child’s A cirrhosis: an 8 year prospective study by ultrasound and alphafetoprotein. J Hepatol 1994;21:102934.
  • 133. Colombo M., de Franchis R., Del Ninno, Sangiovanni A., De Fazio C., Tommasini M., Donato M.F., et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma in Italian patients with cirrhosis. N Engl J Med 1991;325:675-80.
  • 134. Tanaka S., Kitamura T., Nakanishi K., Okuda S., Yamazaki H., Hiyama T., Fujimoto I. Effectiveness of periodic checkup by ultrasonography for the early diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer 1990;66:2210-4.
  • 135. Fujiyama S., Izuno K., Gohshi K., Shibata J., Sato T. Clinical usefulness of Des-γ-carboxy prothrombin in early diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma. Dig Dis Sci 1991;36:1787-92.
  • 136. Tanabe Y., Ohnishi K., Nomura F., Iida S. Plasma abnormal prothrombin levels in patients with small hepatocellular carcinoma. Am J Gastroenterol 1988;83:1386-9.
  • 137. Tsai S.I., Huang G.T., Yang P.M., Sheu J.C., Sung J.L., Chen D.S. Plasma Des-γ-carboxy prothrombin in early stage of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 1990;11:481-7.
  • 138. Xu K., Meng X.Y., Wu J.W., Shen B., Shi Y.C., Wei Q. Diagnostic value of serum γ-glutamyl transferase isoenzyme for hepatocellular carcinoma: a 10-year study. Am J Gastroenterology 1992;87:991-5.
  • 139. Takahashi H., Saibara T., Iwamura I., Tomita A., Maeda T., Onishi S., Yamamoto Y., et al. Serum α-Lfucosidase activity and tumor size in hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 1994;19:1414-7.
  • 140. Giardina M.G., Matarazzo M., Morante R., Lucariello A., Varriale A., Guardasole V., De Marco G. Serum α-L-fucosidase activity and early detection of hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer 1998;83:2468-74.
  • 141. Mita Y., Aoyagi Y., Yanagi M., Suda T., Suzuki Y., Asakura H. The usefulness of determining Des-γ-carboxy prothrombin by sensitive enzyme immunoassay in the early diagnosis of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer 1998;82:1643-8.
  • 142. Nomura F., Ishijima M., Kuwa K., Tanaka N., Nakai T., Ohnishi K. Serum Des-gamma-carboxy prothrombin levels determined by a new generation of sensitive immunoassays in patients with small-sized hepatocellular carcinoma. Am J Gastroenterol 1999;94:650-4.
  • 143. Yuen M.F., Cheng C.C., Lauder I.J., Lam S.K., Ooi C.G.C., Lai C.L. Early detection of hepatocellular carcinoma increases the chance of treatment: Hong Kong experience. Hepatology 2000;31:330-5.
  • 144. Solmi L., Primerano A.M.M., Gandolfi L. Ultrasound follow-up of patients at risk for hepatocellular carcinoma: Results of a prospective study on 360 cases. Am J Gastroenterol 1996;91: 1189-94.
  • 145. Kang J.Y., Lee T.P., Yap I., Lun K.C. Analysis of cost-effectiveness of different strategies for hepatocellular carcinoma screening in hepatitis B virus carriers. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1992;7:463-8.
  • 146. Mark D.B., Hiatky M.A., Califf R.M., Naylor C.D., Lee K.L., Armstrong P.W., Barbash G., et al. Cost effectiveness of thrombolytic therapy with tissue plasminogen activator as compared with streptokinase for acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1995;332:1418-24.
  • 147. Wong D.K., Cheung A.M., O’Rourke K., Naylor C.D., Detsky A.S., Heathcote J. Effect of alpha-interferon treatment in patients with hepatitis B e antigen-positive chronic hepatitis B. Ann Intern Med 1993;119:312-23.
  • 148. Brook M.G., Karayiannis P., Thomas H.C. Which patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection will respond to alpha-interferon therapy? Hepatology 1989;10:761-3.
  • 149. Perrillo R.P., Schiff E.R., Davis G.L., Bodenheimer H.C., Jr., Lindsay K., Payne J., Dienstag J.L., et al. A randomized, controlled trial of interferon alfa-2b alone and after prednisone withdrawal for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B. N Engl J Med 1990;323:295-301.
  • 150. Lok A.S., Wu P.C., Lai C.L., Lau J.Y., Leung E.K., Wong L.S., Ma O.C., et al. A controlled trial of interferon with or without prednisone priming for chronic hepatitis B. Gastroenterology 1992;102:2091-7.
  • 151. Lai C.L., Lok A.S., Lin H.J., Wu P.C., Yeoh E.K., Yeung C.Y. Placebo-controlled trial of recombinant alpha 2interferon in Chinese HBsAg-carrier children. Lancet 1987;2:877-80.
  • 152. Lai C.L., Lin H.J., Lau J.N., Lok A.S., Wu P.C., Chung H.T., Wong L.K., et al. Effect of recombinant alpha 2 interferon with or without prednisone in Chinese HBsAg carrier children. Q J Med 1991;78:155-63.
  • 153. Lok A.S., Lai C.L., Wu P.C., Leung E.K. Long-term follow-up in a randomised controlled trial of recombinant alpha 2-interferon in Chinese patients with chronic hepatitis B infection. Lancet 1988;2:298-302.
  • 154. Gregorio G.V., Jara P., Hierro L., Diaz C., de la Vega A., Vegnente A., Iorio R., et al. Lymphoblastoid interferon alfa with or without steroid pretreatment in children with chronic hepatitis B: a multicenter controlled trial. Hepatology 1996;23:700-7.
  • 155. Sokal E.M., Conjeevaram H.S., Roberts E.A., Alvarez F., Bern E.M., Goyens P., Rosenthal P., et al. Interferon alfa therapy for chronic hepatitis B in children: a multinational randomized controlled trial. Gastroenterology 1998;114:988-95.
  • 156. Jara P., Bortolotti F. Interferon-alpha treatment of chronic hepatitis B in childhood: a consensus advice based on experience in European children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1999; 29:163-70.
  • 157. Torre D., Tambini R. Interferon-alpha therapy for chronic hepatitis B in children: a meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis 1996;23:131-7.
  • 158. Lampertico P., Del Ninno E., Manzin A., Donato M.F., Rumi M.G., Lunghi G., Morabito A., et al. A randomized, controlled trial of a 24-month course of interferon alfa 2b in patients with chronic hepatitis B who had hepatitis B virus DNA without hepatitis B e antigen in serum. Hepatology 1997;26:1621-5.
  • 159. Fattovich G., Farci P., Rugge M., Brollo L., Mandas A., Pontisso P., Giustina G., et al. A randomized controlled trial of lymphoblastoid interferon-alpha in patients with chronic hepatitis B lacking HBeAg. Hepatology 1992;15:584-9.
  • 160. Hadziyannis S., Bramou T., Makris A., Moussoulis G., Zignego L., Papaioannou C. Interferon alfa-2b treatment of HBeAg negative/serum HBV DNA positive chronic active hepatitis type B. J Hepatol 1990;11(Suppl. 1):S133-6.
  • 161. Pastore G., Santantonio T., Milella M., Monno L., Mariano N., Moschetta R., Pollice L. Anti-HBe-positive chronic hepatitis B with HBV-DNA in the serum response to a 6-month course of lymphoblastoid interferon. J Hepatol 1992;14:221-5.
  • 162. Oliveri F., Santantonio T., Bellati G., Colombatto P., Mels G.C., Carriero L., Dastoli G., et al. Long term response to therapy of chronic anti-HBe-positive hepatitis B is poor independent of type and schedule of interferon. Am J Gastroenterol 1999;94:1366-72.
  • 163. Papatheodoridis G.V., Manesis E., Hadziyannis S.J. Long-term follow up after initial response to interferon therapy in patients with HBeAg negative chronic hepatitis B (abstract). Hepatology 2000;32:378A.
  • 164. Papatheodoridis G.V., Manesis E., Hadziyannis S.J. The long-term outcome of interferon-alfa treated and untreated patients with HBeAg negative chronic hepatitis B. J Hepatol 2001;34:306-13.
  • 165. Carreno V., Marcellin P., Hadziyannis S., Salmeron J., Diago M., Kitis G.E., Vafiadis I., et al. Retreatment of chronic hepatitis B e antigen-positive patients with recombinant interferon alfa-2a. The European Concerted Action on Viral Hepatitis (EUROHEP). Hepatology 1999;30:277-82.
  • 166. Perrillo R., Tamburro C., Regenstein F., Balart L., Bodenheimer H., Silva M., Schiff E., et al. Low-dose, titratable interferon alfa in decompensated liver disease caused by chronic infection with hepatitis B virus. Gastroenterology 1995;109:908-16.
  • 167. Hoofnagle J.H., Di Bisceglie A.M., Waggoner J.G., Park Y. Interferon alfa for patients with clinically apparent cirrhosis due to chronic hepatitis B. Gastroenterology 1993;104:1116-21.
  • 168. Saracco G., Mazzella G., Rosina F., Cancellieri C., Lattore V., Raise E., Rocca G., et al. A controlled trial of human lymphoblastoid interferon in chronic hepatitis B in Italy. Hepatology 1989;10:336-41.
  • 169. Scully L.J., Shein R., Karayiannis P., McDonald J.A., Thomas H.C. Lymphoblastoid interferon therapy of chronic HBV infection. A comparison of 12 vs. 24 weeks of thrice weekly treatment. J Hepatol 1987;5:51-8.
  • 170. Janssen H.L., Gerken G., Carreno V., Marcellin P., Naoumov N.V., Craxi A., Ring-Larsen H., et al. Interferon alfa for chronic hepatitis B infection: increased efficacy of prolonged treatment. The European Concerted Action on Viral Hepatitis (EUROHEP). Hepatology 1999;30:238-43.
  • 171. Cohard M., Poynard T., Mathurin P., Zarski J.P. Prednisone-interferon combination in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B: direct and indirect meta-analysis. Hepatology 1994;20:1390-8.
  • 172. Krogsgaard K., Marcellin P., Trepo C., Berthelot P., Sanchez-Tapias J.M., Bassendine M., Tran A., et al. Prednisolone withdrawal therapy enhances the effect of human lymphoblastoid interferon in chronic hepatitis B. INTERPRED Trial Group. J Hepatol 1996;25:803-13.
  • 173. Wong J.B., Koff R.S., Tine F., Pauker S.G. Cost-effectiveness of interferonalpha 2b treatment for hepatitis B e antigen-positive chronic hepatitis B. Ann Intern Med 1995;122:664-75.
  • 174. Lok A.S., Chung H.T., Liu V.W., Ma O.C. Long-term follow-up of chronic hepatitis B patients treated with interferon alfa. Gastroenterology 1993;105:1833-8.
  • 175. Korenman J., Baker B., Waggoner J., Everhart J.E., Di Bisceglie A.M., Hoofnagle J.H. Long-term remission of chronic hepatitis B after alphainterferon therapy. Ann Intern Med 1991;114:629-34.
  • 176. Krogsgaard K. The long-term effect of treatment with interferon-alpha 2a in chronic hepatitis B. The Long-Term Follow-up Investigator Group. The European Study Group on Viral Hepatitis (EUROHEP). Executive Team on Anti-Viral Treatment. J Viral Hepat 1998;5:389-97.
  • 177. Carreno V., Castillo I., Molina J., Porres J.C., Bartolome J. Long-term follow-up of hepatitis B chronic carriers who responded to interferon therapy. J Hepatol 1992;15:102-6.
  • 178. Fong T.L., Di Bisceglie A.M., Gerber M.A., Waggoner J.G., Hoofnagle J.H. Persistence of hepatitis B virus DNA in the liver after loss of HBsAg in chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology 1993;18:1313-8.
  • 179. Bortolotti F., Jara P., Barbera C., Gregorio G.V., Vegnente A., Zancan L., Hierro L., et al. Long term effect of alpha interferon in children with chronic hepatitis B. Gut 2000;46: 715-8.
  • 180. Dienstag J.L., Schiff E.R., Wright T.L., Perrillo R.P., Hann H.W., Goodman Z., Growther L., et al. Lamivudine as Initial Treatment for Chronic Hepatitis B in the United States. N Engl J Med 1999;341: 1256-63.
  • 181. Lai C.L., Chien R.N., Leung N.W., Chang T.T., Guan R., Tai D.I., Ng K.Y., et al. A one-year trial of lamivudine for chronic hepatitis B. Asia Hepatitis Lamivudine Study Group. N Engl J Med 1998;339:61-8.
  • 182. Schalm S.W., Heathcote J., Cianciara J., Farrell G., Sherman M., Willems B., Dhillon A., et al. Lamivudine and alpha interferon combination treatment of patients with chronic hepatitis B infection: a randomised trial. Gut 2000;46:562-8.
  • 183. Liaw Y.F., Leung N.W.Y., Chang T.T., Guan R., Tai D.I., Ng K.Y., Chien R.N., et al. Effects of extended lamivudine therapy in Asian patients with chronic hepatitis B. Gastroenterology 2000;119:172-80.
  • 184. Leung N.W.Y., Lai C.L., Chang T.T., Guan R., Lee C.M., Ng K.Y., Wu P.C., et al. Extended lamivudine treatment in patients with chronic hepatitis B enhances hepatitis B e antigen seroconversion rates: results after 3 years of therapy. Hepatology 2001;33:152732.
  • 185. Chang T.T., Lai C.L., Liaw Y.F., Guan R., Lim S.G., Lee C.M., Ng K.Y., et al. Incremental increases in HBeAg seroconversion and continued ALT normalization in Asian chronic HBV (CHB) patients treated with lamivudine for four years (abstract). Antiviral Therapy 2000;5(Suppl. 1):44.
  • 186. Chien R.N., Liaw Y.F., Atkins M. Pretherapy alanine transaminase level as a determinant for hepatitis B e antigen seroconversion during lamivudine therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Asian Hepatitis Lamivudine Trial Group. Hepatology 1999;30:770-4.
  • 187. Perrillo R.P., Schalm S.W., Schiff E.R., Brown N.A., Woessner M.A., Sullivan M. Predictors of HBsAg seroconversion in chronic hepatitis B patients treated with lamivudine (abstract). Hepatology 1999;30:317A. 187a. Sokal E.M., Kelly D., Mizerski J., Badia I., Areias J., Schwarz K., Little N., Bell S., Greensmith M.J., Jonas M. An international double-blind placebo-controlled trial of lamivudine in 286 children with chronic hepatitis B (CHB). J Hepatol 2001;34(Suppl. 1):23A.
  • 188. Tassopoulos N.C., Volpes R., Pastore G., Heathcote J., Buti M., Goldin R.D., Hawley S., et al. Efficacy of lamivudine in patients with hepatitis B e antigen-negative/hepatitis B virus DNA-positive (precore mutant) chronic hepatitis B. Lamivudine Precore Mutant Study Group. Hepatology 1999;29:889-96.
  • 189. Santantonio T., Mazzola M., Iacovazzi T., Miglietta A., Guastadisegni A., Pastore G. Long-term follow-up of patients with anti-HBe/HBV DNApositive chronic hepatitis B treated for 12 months with lamivudine. J Hepatol 2000;32:300-6.
  • 190. Lok A.S.F., Hussain M., Cursano C., Margotti M., Gramenzi A., Grazi G.L., Jovine E., et al. Evolution of hepatitis B virus polymerase gene mutations in hepatitis B e antigen-negative patients receiving lamivudine therapy. Hepatology 2000;32:1145-53.
  • 191. Hadziyannis S.J., Papatheodoridis G.V., Dimou E., Laras A., Papaioannou C. Efficacy of long-term lamivudine monotherapy in patients with hepatitis B e antigen-negative chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology 2000;32:847-51.
  • 192. Lau D.T., Khokhar M.F., Doo E., Ghany M.G., Herion D., Park Y., Kleiner D.E., et al. Long-term therapy of chronic hepatitis B with lamivudine. Hepatology 2000;32:828-34.
  • 193. Rizzetto M., Volpes R., Smedile A. Response of pre-core mutant chronic hepatitis B infection to lamivudine. J Med Virol 2000;61:398-400.
  • 194. Tassopoulos N.C., Volpes R., Pastore G., Heathcote J., Buti M., Gray D.F., Barber J., et al. Post lamivudine treatment follow-up of patients with HBeAg negative chronic hepatitis B (abstract). J Hepatol 1999;30(Suppl. 1):117.
  • 195. Schiff E., Karayalcin S., Grimm I., Perrillo R., Dienstag J., Husa P., Schalm S., et al. A placebo controlled study of lamivudine and interferon alpha 2b in patients with chronic hepatitis B who previously failed interferon therapy (abstract). Hepatology 1998;28:388A.
  • 196. Perrillo R.P., Wright T., Rakela J., Levy G., Schiff E., Gish R., Martin P., et al. A multicenter United StatesCanadian trial to assess lamivudine monotherapy before and after liver transplantation for chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology 2001;33:424-32.
  • 197. Villeneuve J.P., Condreay L.D., Willems B., Pomier-Layrargues G., Fenyves D., Bilodeau M., Leduc R., et al. Lamivudine treatment for decompensated cirrhosis resulting from chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology 2000;31:207-10.
  • 198. Yao F.Y., Bass N.M. Lamivudine treatment in patients with severely decompensated cirrhosis due to replicating hepatitis B infection. J Hepatol 2000;33:301-7.
  • 199. Fontana R.J., Perrillo R., Hann H.W.L., Wright T., Rakela J., Bacon B.R., Anschuetz G., et al. Determinants of survival in 133 patients with decompensated chronic hepatitis B treated with lamivudine (abstract). Hepatology 2000;32:221A.
  • 200. Schiff E., Cianciara J., Karayalcin S., Kowdley K., Woesner M., McMullen S., Pearce M., et al. Durable HBeAg and HBsAg seroconversion after lamivudine for chronic hepatitis B (abstract). J Hepatol 2000;32(Suppl. 2):99.
  • 201. Song E.C., Suh D.J., Lee H.C., Chung Y.H., Lee Y.S. Hepatitis B e antigen seroconversion after lamivudine therapy is not durable in patients with chronic hepatitis B in Korea. Hepatology 2000;32:803-6.
  • 202. Alien M.I., Deslauriers M., Andrews C.W., Tipples G.A., Walters K.A., Tyrrell D.L., Brown N., et al. Identification and characterization of mutations in hepatitis B virus resistant to lamivudine. Lamivudine Clinical Investigation Group. Hepatology 1998;27:1670-7.
  • 203. Stuyver L.J., Locarnini S.A., Lok A., Richman D.D., Carman W.F., Dienstag J.L., Schinazi R.F., et al. Nomenclature for antiviral-resistant human hepatitis B virus mutations in the polymerase region. Hepatology 2001;33:751-7.
  • 204. Liaw Y.F., Chien R.N., Yeh C.T., Tsai S.L., Chu C.M. Acute exacerbation and hepatitis B virus clearance after emergence of YMDD motif mutation during lamivudine therapy. Hepatology 1999;30:567-72.
  • 205. Bartholomew M.M., Jansen R.W., Jeffers L.J., Reddy K.R., Johnson L.C., Bunzendahl H., Condreay L.D., et al. Hepatitis-B-virus resistance to lamivudine given for recurrent infection after orthotopic liver transplantation. Lancet 1997;349:20-2.
  • 206. Tipples G.A., Ma M.M., Fischer K.P., Bain V.G., Kneteman N.M., Tyrrell D.L. Mutation in HBV RNA-dependent DNA polymerase confers resistance to lamivudine in vivo. Hepatology 1996;24:714-7.
  • 207. Melegari M., Scaglioni P.P., Wands J.R. Hepatitis B virus mutants associated with 3TC and famciclovir administration are replication defective. Hepatology 1998;27:628-33.
  • 208. Ono-Nita S.K., Kato N., Shiratori Y., Masaki T., Lan K.H., Carrilho F.J., Omata M. YMDD motif in hepatitis B virus DNA polymerase influences on replication and lamivudine resistance: A study by in vitro full-length viral DNA transfection. Hepatology 1999;29:939-45.
  • 209. Dienstag J.L., Perrillo R.P., Schiff E.R., Bartholomew M., Vicary C., Rubin M. A preliminary trial of lamivudine for chronic hepatitis B infection. N Engl J Med 1995;333:1657-61.
  • 210. Lai C.L., Ching C.K., Tung A.K., Li E., Young J., Hill A., Wong B.C., et al. Lamivudine is effective in suppressing hepatitis B virus DNA in Chinese hepatitis B surface antigen carriers: a placebo-controlled trial. Hepatology 1997;25:241-4.
  • 211. Honkoop P., de Man R.A., Niesters H.G., Zondervan P.E., Schalm S.W. Acute exacerbation of chronic hepatitis B virus infection after withdrawal of lamivudine therapy. Hepatology 2000;32:635-9.
  • 212. De Man R.A., Marcellin P., Habal F., Desmond P., Wright T., Rose T., Jurewicz R., et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled study to evaluate the efficacy of 12month famciclovir treatment in patients with chronic hepatitis B e antigen-positive hepatitis B. Hepatology 2000;32:413-7.
  • 213. Aye T.T., Bartholomeusz A., Shaw T., Bowden S., Breschkin A., McMillan J., Angus P., et al. Hepatitis B virus polymerase mutations during antiviral therapy in a patient following liver transplantation. J Hepatol 1997;26:1148-53.
  • 214. Heathcote E.J., Jeffers L., Wright T., Sherman M., Perrillo R., Sacks S., Carithers R., et al. Loss of serum HBV DNA and HBeAg and seroconversion following short-term (12 weeks) adefovir dipivoxil therapy in chronic hepatitis B: two placebo controlled phase II studies (abstract). Hepatology 1998;28:317A.
  • 215. Xiong X., Flores C., Yang H., Toole J.J., Gibbs C.S. Mutations in hepatitis B DNA polymerase associated with resistance to lamivudine do not confer resistance to adefovir in vitro. Hepatology 1998;28:1669-73.
  • 216. Perrillo R., Schiff E., Yoshida E., Statler A., Hirsch K., Wright T., Gutfreund K., et al. Adefovir dipivoxil for the treatment of lamivudine-resistant hepatitis B mutants. Hepatology 2000;32:129-34.
  • 217. Gish R.G., Leung N.W.Y., Wright T.L., Trinh H., Robertson A.T., Harris J.J., Delehanty J.T., et al. Anti-hepatitis B virus (HBV) activity and pharmacokinetics of FTC ina2month trial in HBV infected patients (abstract). Gastroenterology 1999;116:A1216.
  • 218. De Man R., Wolters L., Nevens F., Chua D., Sherman M., Lai C.L., Thomas N., et al. A study of oral entecavir given for 28 days in both treatment-naive and pre-treated subjects with chronic hepatitis (abstract). Hepatology 2000;32:376A.
  • 219. Ono-Nita S.K., Kato N., Shiratori Y., Yoshida H., Kato J., Goto T., Schinazi R.F., et al. Influence of B domain mutation (L528M) of the hepatitis B virus polymerase on replication ability and resistance to nucleoside analogues (abstract). Hepatology 2000;32:393A.
  • 220. Andreone P., Cursaro C., Gramenzi A., Zavagliz C., Rezakovic I., Altomare E., Severini R., et al. A randomized controlled trial of thymosin-alpha l versus interferon alfa treatment in patients with hepatitis B e antigen antibodyand hepatitis B virus DNA-positive chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology 1996;24:774-7.
  • 221. Chien R.N., Liaw Y.F., Chen T.C., Yeh C.T., Sheen I.S. Efficacy of thymosin alpha 1 in patients with chronic hepatitis B: a randomized, controlled trial. Hepatology 1998;27:1383-7.
  • 222. Mutchnick M.G., Lindsay K.L., Schiff E.R., Cummings G.D., Appelman H.D., Peleman R.R., Silva M., et al. Thymosin alpha l treatment of chronic hepatitis B: results of a phase III multicentre, randomized, double-blind and placebo-controlled study. J Viral Hepat 1999;6:397-403.
  • 223. Zavaglia C., Severini R., Tinelli C., Franzone J.S., Airoldi A., Tempini S., Bettale G., et al. A randomized, controlled study of thymosin-alpha l therapy in patients with anti-HBe, HBVDNA-positive chronic hepatitis B. Dig Dis Sci 2000;45:690-6.
  • 224. Lau G.K., Tsiang M., Hou J.,Yuen S., Carman W.F., Zhang L., Gibbs C.S., et al. Combination therapy with lamivudine and famciclovir for chronic hepatitis B-infected Chinese patients: a viral dynamics study. Hepatology 2000;32:394-9.
  • 225. Rosina F., Pintus C., Meschievitz C., Rizzetto M. A randomized controlled trial of a 12-month course of recombinant human interferon-alpha in chronic delta (type D) hepatitis: a multicenter Italian study. Hepatology 1991;13:1052-6.
  • 226. Farci P., Mandas A., Coiana A., Lai M.E., Desmet V., Van Eyken P., Gibo Y., et al. Treatment of chronic hepatitis D with interferon alfa-2a. N Engl J Med 1994;330:88-94.
  • 227. Farci P., Chessa L., Peddis G., Strazzera R., Pascariello E., Scioscia R., Lai M.E., et al. Influence of alfa interferon on the natural history of chronic hepatitis D: dissociation of histologic and virologic response (abstract). Hepatology 2000;32:222A.
  • 228. Lau D.T., Doo E., Park Y., Kleiner D.E., Schmid P., Kuhns M.C., Hoofnagle J.H. Lamivudine for chronic delta hepatitis. Hepatology 1999;30:546-9.
Views
0 Abstract
0 PDF
0 Crossref citations
Shared