Abstract
Candiduria is relatively infrequent condition that occurs in less than 5% hospitalised patients and accounts for difficulties in diagnosis and patient’s investigation. The main problem is a difficulty in a differentiation of the true fungal infection and colonization. Development of candiduria is a result of one of the following: contamination of urine samples, urinary tract colonisation, local UTI, caused by Candida spp. or disseminated candidosis with urinary tract involvement. In the case of candiduria specific antifungal therapy (fluconazole, amphotericin В and flucytosine) indicated only in patients with disseminated fungal infection, proven fungal invasion of urinary tract, risk factors for disseminated fungal infection, instrumental manipulation on urinary tract and in renal transplant patients.
-
1.
Fisher J.F., Newman C.L., Sobel J.D. Yeast in the urine: solutions for a budding problem. Clin Infect Dis 1995; 20:183-9.
-
2.
Gubbins P.O., McConnell S.A., Penzak S.R. Current management of funguria. Am J Health-Syst Pharm 1999; 56:1929-38.
-
3.
Leu H.S., Huang C.T. Clearance of funguria with short-course antifungal regimens: a prospective, randomized controlled study. Clin Infect Dis 1995; 20:1152-7.
-
4.
Kauffman C.A., Vazquez J.A., Sobel J.D., Gallis H.A., McKinsey D.S., Karchmer A.W., et al. Prospective Multicenter Surveillance Study of Funguria in Hospitalized Patients. Clin Infect Dis 2000; 30:14-8.
-
5.
Sriskandan S. Management of candiduria in the intensive care unit. In: Armstrong D., Cohen J., Armstrong D., editors. Infectious Diseases. London: Harcourt Publishers; 1999. p.3.14.1-2.
-
6.
Rex J.H., Walsh T.J., Sobel J.D., Filler S.G., Pappas P.G., Dismukes W.E., Edwards J.E. Practice Guidelines for the Treatment of Candidiasis. Clin Infect Dis 2000; 30:662-78.
-
7.
Wainstein M.A., Graham R.C. Jr., Resnick M.I. Predisposing factors of systemic fungal infections of the genitourinary tract. J Urol 1995; 154:160-3.
-
8.
Schonebeck J. Studies on candida infection of the urinary tract and on the antimycotic drug 5-fluorocytosine. Scand J Urol Nephrol 1972; 4:1107-18.
-
9.
Wise G.J., Talluri G.S., Marella V.K. Fungal infections of the genitourinary system: manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment. Urol Clin North Am 1999; 26:701-18.
-
10.
Jacobs L.G., Skidmore E.A., Fox N. Oral fluconazole compared with bladder irrigations with amphotericin B for treatment of fungal urinary tract infections in elderly patients. Clin Infect Dis 1996; 22:30-5.
-
11.
Occhipinti D.J., Schoonover L.L., Danziger L.H. Bladder irrigation with amphotericin B for treatment of patient with candiduria. Clin Infect Dis 1993; 17:812-3.
-
12.
Edwards J.E., Bodey G.P., Bowden R.A., Buchner T., de Pauw B.E., et al. International Conference for the Development of a Consensus on the Management and Prevention of Severe Candidal Infections. Clin Infect Dis 1997; 25:43-59.
-
13.
Sobel J.D., Kauffman C.A., McKinsey D., Zervos M., Vazquez J.A., et al. Candiduria: A Randomized, Double-Blind Study of Treatment with Fluconazole and Placebo. Clin Infect Dis 2000; 30:19-24.
-
14.
Richards M. J., Edwards J.R., Culver D.H., Gaynes R.P. Nosocomial infections in medical intensive care units in the United States. Crit Care Med 1999; 27:887-92.